Urban Regeneration Environment

urban renewing EnvironmentTO WHAT EXTENT HAS CULTURE-LED REGENERATION AFFECTED THE BUILT ENVIRONMENTAbstr displaceTo what extent has civilization-Led Regeneration affected the strengthened environment within the UK? Use cases to put this into a panopticr scope.Since the 1940s the phrase Urban Regeneration has been more and more used in junction with the action of redeveloping land which had, in years earlier, been field of battles of moderate to high density urban land use. The study of this process and the way in which it came about has to a fault increased as the successes of Urban Regeneration throughout the United Kingdom and indeed internation everyy, continue to prove economicalally, socially and politically advantageous to any(prenominal) add together of parties involved in the study of gentrification over the last 70 years.In addition to looking at how positive feedback has affected the built environment, the idea that it has been culture-light-emitting diode poses gain locutions and issues but however, less scrutiny has been employn to the idea of transmutation macrocosm culture-led, this is a continuously growing theatre of operations which deserves more analysis due to the economic success it has minded(p) investors and key stakeh experienters. It has also worked towards preserving some of Britains architectural heritage for the future, giving certain theaters that would otherwise have been in a state of disrepair a new lease of life and additional social benefits.By paying attention to the way in which positive feedback has developed during the 20th century to bonnie culture-led it will be possible to give an in-depth view of the do on the living urban fabric of the United Kingdom, particularly over the last 25 years.There argon a number of ways in which pagan regeneration takes place, from local governments wanting to increase investment in the area to them gaining post through heathenish upshots such(prenominal) as the Olympic and Commonwealth games, the World Cup to the European with child(p) of glossiness and prominent buildings such as Stadiums and touring car attractions. All of which will be discussed and then highlighted through case studies including the Albert Docks in Liverpool, the Capital of Culture for 2008 and Salford Quays, Manchester which was involved in the Commonwealth Games 2002.On a wider case, regeneration has played an important role in the history and demographics of cities around the world including Beijing and Melbourne, commonly cited UK examples include Salford Quays in Manchester and Albert Docks in Liverpool other UK examples include, Canary docking facility in London and Cardiff in Wales. For the purposes of this study, UK examples will be used to directly answer the question posed, which will then be put in to context through briefly analysing the metropolis of Bilbao and Barcelona in, Spain.Regeneration or gentrification female genitalia be a contentious t opic due to the variety of complex issues surrounding this topic. This oft includes, premium prices charged for the new developments. To the reputation of change and impact on the local communities that may have fallen in to decline. The existing infrastructure and fraternity that is impacted on by the process of regeneration throw out take time to evolve and ultimately impact upon the initiatives proposed, as headspring as the effects on the local community, the power of which should not be underestimated. In erect to balance the argument for regeneration it will be necessary to substantiate these polar viewpoints and provide a fair consideration from all stakeholders who would be involved and affected by developments.The impact on the environment caused by regeneration can vary depending on the amount of refurbishing and the variety of materials used in the regeneration programme. The extent to which these are recycled and reused to reduce the amount of waste and energy var ies with each development. This issue of expertise is erect and far-reaching and will be discussed briefly in chapter 4 development case studies to highlight the heterogeneous aspects. The study will also distribute physical as well as the environmental impacts of regeneration with past and current projects use uping to improve urban areas, with the aid of culture to deliver change. The environment aspect in particular is becoming more and more important as the countrys social conscience continues to increase into the future.The paper will then draw together conclusions using arguments both in favour of and also against urban regeneration. It will also draw on why cultural regeneration is initiated and why these areas are purpose the effects of cultural regeneration palmy.The paper will also touch on areas that may have failed or where areas are finding the task of regenerate the physical but also the social and political aspects challenging.It will also be possible to disc uss and argue the extent to which culture-led regeneration has moved forth from the initial aims of improving an areas social and economic problems to also encompass the physical and environmental aspects of improving an area. This multi-faceted approach has continued to provide many obstacles for experts within the area but these are challenges that, if overcome, will ensure the acheevity and economic well being of the project in question for a extensive time to come.The full stop to which urban regeneration has affected the built environment in the UK is likely to be extensive due to well known case studies and examples, as well as visual evidence being clear in day to day life and also being reported in the media, however extracting the elements of gentrification to examine and stating to what level they have been purely culture-led will prove more complicated due to difficulties in finding material that points to an area of culture as being the sole catalyst for the regener ation to begin.The essay proposes to demonstrate why cultural regeneration is successfulChapter 1 History History of regeneration Industrial mutationEarly 20th century (1940s) Last 25 years (definition culture led detail) Castleford, Canary WharfQUOTE The United Kingdom has a long history that has become synonymous with the manufacturing industry, dating back to the British Empire when the UK imported and exported many products from countries around the world. During the earliest phase of the Industrial Revolution the Bridge body of water supply was built in 1761, this halved the price of coal in Manchester due to decreased transport costs and ease of access. This triggered a period of canal building operation between 1760 and 1850, the canals provided the infrastructure by which trade could occur more easily and cheaply and it is along these waterways that many cities were developed, including Manchester, Liverpool, Leeds, Birmingham and London.Many industrial facilities wer e strategically located fill up to rivers, canals and estuaries, most notably Manchester and Liverpool being situated just 35 miles apart and joined by the Manchester Ship Canal, the labor union West became a fundamental finis for cotton and textiles and manufacturing as well as Liverpool becoming a central dock for trade due its global connections.The Industrial Revolution also witnessed a large growth in population, in 1695 the population of Britain was estimated to be 5.5 cardinal, by the early part of 1801, just over 100 years later, this had grown to 9.3million and 40 years later again, almost doubled to 15.9million people in 1841. These figures maintain a 60% increase in just 40 years. (www.historylearningsite.co.uk) In the North West, Manchester alone experienced a dramatic six-fold increase in its population during this time.The development of cities during this period clearly meant that workers moved to these areas seeking jobs, stability and prosperity. By 1900, 80% of Britains population lived in urban areas, whilst the number of workers employed in the agricultural sector fell from eleven percent to just two percent. (www.statistics.gov.uk). There were various reasons for this to occur, but the main ones being the advances in technology and the closure of many farming and agricultural companies, hence reducing the number of those employed in this sector.This choppy surge in the migration of people from verdant to urban areas, initially for jobs in the factories or mills, obviously meant that housing was needed in these super-cities, and it was needed quickly. The ever increasingly rich owners of the businesses saw the need to provide cheap housing for their workers, and so the now-famous back to back benchd housing associated with British industrial inner cities were born.The back-to-back terrace was the most popular addition to the urban center due to it being cheap and easy to construct, as well as durable and serving the purpose that it was required for. However, much of this housing was constructed without proper planning, adequate facilities or infrastructure for clean running water and waste disposal. Areas throughout the United Kingdom fell into a state of squalor and disrepair serious efforts were made to reverse the slum conditions resulting from the housing crisis over the next 100 years.During 1909, a townsfolk Planning Act was formed, this act was to, forbid the building of any more back-to-back houses, this highlighted the need for builders and designs to meet certain standards. During the First World War the slogan, Homes fit for heroes (Crisp 1998) which accompanied the revised Town Planning Act in 1919. This Act centered on implementing improvements to inner city slums on general housing conditions, in order to create aloofness for new housing many of the workers were persuaded to move out to the suburbs which were greener and cleaner this coincided with the decline of the industrial revolution and again agriculture levels increased. Once many of the inner city areas had been abandoned, a prompt decision was taken to destroy many of the workers houses due to the overcrowded and poor conditions of them.During the post war-era employment in the city grew more slowly than in towns and rural areas, employment began to decrease in the 1960s and the decline spread to almost all cities in the 1970s. As the worlds first industrial economy well-nigh collapsed within a ten year period between 1970 and 1980, 55% of jobs were lost in cities during the recession. (Turok Edge) The former industrial cities of Newcastle, Glasgow, Liverpool and Manchester were left lifeless and devoid of jobs, whilst towns and rural areas saw a steady increase in the number of opportunities.The inner cities were left with polluted by-products from the factories whilst the movement of jobs and people to the country was actively encouraged with the aim of reducing over-crowding, in order to clean up the cities and plan orderly settlements for the future. This led to further social and economic problems such as crime and sex act poverty as many areas sank in to depression. During the 1980s, Manchester and Liverpool along with the other industrial areas of Birmingham and Newcastle had lost their influential post, mills, warehouses and docks which had made the cities so successful lay abandoned and increasingly vandalised, whilst the river and canal networks lay polluted.The beginning of the Information Age during the 1990s saw a sharp transition from primary manufacturing industries to a knowledge based, service industry. This was seen as an important driver for change, despite the ability for new industries and businesses to locate in rural areas, through the use of the digital medium of the Internet. However, financial services and the sell industry have increasingly relocated business to city meanings once again, creating flagship storages that drew service sector workers back into the city centre in crimp creating the need for additional services in the city.The end of the 20th century saw the start of a renaissance in the development of new and alter venues for cultural activity, from arts and media centres, theatres, museums and galleries, to less formal roles such as public art works and urban designs in the public domain. Many towns and cities were seen to be re-investing in the rich cultural heritage of the past, and complementing this with contemporary art projects and exhibitions. It was during this time that work within the creative industries was recognised as bringing a viable way of sustaining a business enterprise around the arts and crafts, later joined by digital media based work.Chapter 2 Culture-Led ModelsMajor events 3 models e.g. Olympic games (London , Commonwealth, Capital of Culture, World Cup, Stadiums International context/differences Bilbao (Capital of Culture), Barcelona (Olympics)It has not only been traditional and historic c ultural capitals or world cities, that have looked to install this new form of cultural energy into their urban centres, those seeking to transform their image, established industrial cities as in the case of Bilbao and Glasgow.These cities are undergoing re-imaging, through new and upgraded cultural facilities to try and call down as cosmopolitan destinations for the first time. Towns and cities such as these, will undoubtedly be greatly affected through culture, not only on the built environment, but also in their social and economic development.The role culture can play in attempting to regenerate an area can be explicit through three different models of regeneration cited in a report by the Department of Culture, Media and Sports, on the contribution of culture within regeneration in the United Kingdom. The three models include Culture-led Regeneration Culture Regeneration Culture RegenerationThe models which have been identified show where cultural activity can be incorpora ted, or incorporates itself into a regeneration process. The different models developed include defining culture-led regeneration, cultural regeneration as well as culture and regeneration. Although sounding similar, the models represent and explain three varied approaches to regeneration.Culture-led Regeneration often involves the use of physical and environmental improvements and more often results in the creation of new cultural facilities. This can be through the construction of new buildings, or the reuse of existing structures, examples of which might include Peckham Library, the TATE modern in Southwark, or the Sage music centre and BALTIC centre for contemporary art in Gateshead.Due to the nature of these highly visible projects, both in the public domain and through merchandising and advertising, there can be a misinterpretation that some cultural facilities are solely responsible for the regeneration of an area, when in fact they may be a less significant element in a wide r, longer term programme. (Evans 2005).This can be identified particularly where flagship projects are concerned. Bilbao is one example where the external image of the city has been dominated by a single building the Guggenheim. In this case, far less attention has been given to the preparation of infrastructure, such as improvements to roads and metro systems as well as the improvements to housing, with new residential developments, with the redevelopment of existing cultural facilities that may also have contributed to the regeneration of the city.Castleford, in West Yorkshire, has a population of around 38,000. The restructuring of the mining industry in 1997 meant that the number of employees had fallen to under six hundred. The closure of the mines, and other redundancies has led to unusually high levels of unemployment, poor health and low education achievements.The residents are unusually committed to improving the quality life, The Castleford Project is a programme of improv ements back up by a collaboration between Wakefield, key regeneration agencies and the community to improve the town centre, health caveat, bring safety within the neighbourhoods and local communities and give opportunities to the younger demographic..The successful approach to the Castleford project shows that culture-led can support regeneration of the former West Yorkshire mining town. Just a some years prior many felt that towns on the outskirts of Yorkshire such as Castleford were in terminal decline following pit and factory closures that put kelvins out of work. A healthful community spirit led the changes in the area which saw the development of a visionary 25 year urban renaissance programme, this large scale project covered Castleford and four other local towns.The Castleford project has been unique in the sense that it was designed to empower local people to improve their area and develop their own vision and identity for the future. It involved a partnership between the council, the local community, and Channel 4 television which invested one hundred thousand pounds, as well as regional and national organisations as a result local people have a sense of pride and care over their community. The initial catalyst for the regeneration of Castleford was the development of the Xscape leisure and shopping complex, this boasts the largest indoor ski slope in Europe, it is said to attract more visitors than anywhere else in Yorkshire, which has also led to the creation of many jobs, more than previously available when the pit was in existence.Considerable investment is being put into the area with one single firm staking 55m. There is good quality house building, a new hotel, supermarket and plans for a heritage centre. By being grow in the community and having the local peoples full support this regeneration programme has proved a success, if a project such as this is not deeply rooted in the community then it is not guaranteed to be successful or sustainable.Barcelona is a true example of Cultural Regeneration, where a Cultural City, was a successful host of the Olympic Games in 1992. Barcelona took the initiative with the early approach to urban design and culture planning. The design of creative quarters which span between the old city and the Olympic village site, this often meant refurbishing and reviving derelict industrial areas. This form of Urbanism in Barcelona has been percentageised by the forming of cultural and public squares linked by avenues and promenades that set ahead the form of culture. A major(ip) feature of Barcelonas regeneration programme involved the expansion of the city centre to encompass the former industrial areas situated on the citys periphery. This allowed the redevelopment and expansion of the commercial sector along the waterfront. In 1999 the RIBA presented its Royal Gold Medal to Barcelona, the first time a city has received the award. It was given the award for its dramatic and success ful transformation which is now widely accepted as a model for cultural regeneration on an international scale. Barcelona proved itself through the successful bid and hosting of the 1992 Olympic Games other examples of this cultural regeneration model include the European Capital of Culture programmes (ECOC), the international Expositions (EXPO) along with the yearly celebrations such as the Edinburgh festival. Host cities have used these international events to increase their cultural profile and in turn these events to cooperate initiate a long term regeneration programme.Glasgow became the first city to become European Capital of Culture in 1990 having had more than three years to plan for the event. This award was seen as an important opportunity as a catalyst for urban regeneration through the form of culture Glasgows legacy as the first city with ECOC status 16 years ago has sustained this development similar effects to Barcelona which has been recognised as a success intern ationally. Seville (EXPO 92), Lisbon (ECOC 94 EXPO 98) and Rotterdam (ECOC 01) are cases where large-scale regeneration programmes have been combined with these cultural events.Liverpool has been nominated as ECOC in 2008 and has chosen to build up to this event by hosting themed years. Liverpool was a major participant in the national celebrations of Sea Britain, with special relevance to 2005, The Year of the Sea. Hosting the start and finish of the 2005-06 2007-08 Round the World Clipper Race.2008 the year of the Capital of Culture will see Liverpool hosting major events highlighting different aspects of the citys unique culture including The Tall Ships Race which has a significant connection with the cities maritime heritage.One event can have wider and far lasting cultural benefits, whilst attracting further investment and increased visitor numbers. Liverpool suffered a huge industrial decline leaving large areas of Brownfield sites derelict which caused economic and social problems. The ECOC will be a vital aid in reshaping and reforming Liverpool to revive the city back to its former successful status, with the regeneration of its famous waterfront known as the Albert Docks.In the third model, Culture and Regeneration, cultural activities are not fully integrated at either the development or planning stages. This is primarily due to the responsibilities for cultural provision and regeneration being often handled separately, within different departments. This means that any provisions for leisure or culture are likely to be small and implemented after any physical regeneration has taken place, as normally the primary focus was to develop housing and commercial space, the main and sure-fire reasons for bringing notes in to an area. This model suggests that in footing of physical and environmental regeneration, the visible signs of any cultural activity or improvements may be small, but this does not mean that cultural activity is absent. This indicat es that the cultural element has not been used to parent the regeneration programme. This type of regeneration has distinct connections with community groups, local groups and councils which may not exist in larger flagship programmes, These three models Culture-led Regeneration, Cultural Regeneration and Culture Regeneration, highlight the different scale of regeneration projects and the level of cultural activities which can differ greatly, from whole cultural cities to redeveloped waterfronts, to community orientated public art programmes. The nature of the culture element in each model may vary, it is clear that culture can contribute to the regeneration programmes whilst also interacting with the physical, social and economic aspects that help to revive areas. The physical and environmental improvements, delivered within a cultural context are the visible signs of progression that ultimately promote the success and image of the city.Chapter 3- illustration StudiesCase Study 1 Salford Quays Case Study 2 Albert DocksCase Studies Albert DocksThe Albert Docks is situated on the waters of the Mersey. The former docks comprises from five blocks of five storey warehouses, which provided 1.25 million square foot of storage space, surrounding by a quadrangle of water. Traditionally, the port had relied on privately owned warehousing in the town to store cargo from the dock. Since the decline in the city between 1970 to 1980, Liverpool has experienced more urban regeneration than virtually any other city in the UK. Since 1971 the city had to respond to a reduction in its population of about a quarter and a loss of more than half of its manufacturing industry. Over this period Liverpool has experimented in a variety in Urban regeneration schemes.The first government reaction to the emerging inner city problem came in 1968 with the launch of the Urban Programme small amounts of short term funding to support local community development projects in the inner cit y. Liverpool was amongst the first to benefit from 50 schemes support by the programme including nursery, class, sports and community facilities.In 1969 the Home Office established a series of Community Development Projects (CDPs) including the Vauxhall CDP in addition to supporting a number of local projects, community education programmes, community centres etc. Researchers on the project concluded that the areas problems had structural roots and resulted from external economic change and restructuring (Topping and metalworker 1977)In 1979, the new government established Urban Development Cooperation (including the Merseyside Development Corporation) central government agencies with the power and resources to reclaim large amounts of urban dereliction and to go along them to beneficial economic use. Other areas of derelict land developers were offered more relaxed planning permissions and tax breaks.Through the 1980s British regeneration policy put a lot of emphasis on supporting local economic development by increasing the supply of land and buildings in inner cities.The first response of the government was to introduce City Challenge a programme that allowed local authorities to lead local partnerships in bidding for central government money to support local regeneration projects, Liverpool was one of the first successful cities receiving 37.5million in the first round of bidding.By the 1980s Liverpools central area was in decline, few people lived in the City Centre, office and Commercial employment was falling and shopping centres were losing trade. The start of the programme to transform the waterfront commenced in 1986 the project saw the alteration of the existing warehouses into a complex of retail, restaurants, cafe, and a series of office units and business headquarters. Also there are a number of unique visitor attractions- Tate Liverpool, the Beatles Story, Merseyside maritime Museum, the International Slavery Museum, Liverpool Ghost Tours, an d The Yellow Duckmarine. This development includes a number of luxury apartment, hotels and a state of the art conference / exhibition centre. The importance of the Albert docks to Liverpool is vast as it continues to attract visitors and has helped to re brand Liverpool from a declining and poor city. This in turn has led to the millions of pounds of investment reshaping the heart of the city centre with the development of promised land Street.In the new millennium there are new challenges for planning and regeneration schemes in response to changes in social trends (cultural and political) with an increase in environmental issues, economic changes and associated with globalisation and the drive for developments to be more sustainable. However Liverpool has recognised the value of culture to aid in transforming a failing city, with the help of this development it will ignite many other opportunities for the city.Case Study Salford QuaysLocated in the former Docks area of Manchest er and Salford, recently labelled as Salford Quays, The Lowry Centre is widely recognised as being key in the regeneration of Salford, Manchester and adding to the improvement of the North West as a region. As a national verge in the Millennium Project for The Arts this comprises of galleries, theatres, bars, shops and restaurants. The Lowry Centre opened in April 2000 and has since been credited, along with its associated projects, with the creation of 6,500 jobs in the local economy. It is predicted that 11,000 new jobs will arise as a result of the regeneration of the Quays as a whole Goodey 2000. These associated cultural projects include The Designer Outlet shopping centre, the Imperial War Museum North (IWMN) and the modish development of the Mediacityuk which will house the BBC it also includes other leisure orientated facilities such as a multi screen cinema complex and a water sports centre. Although a culture-led scheme, the Lowry project was conceived as the final part of the regeneration of Salford Quays, a process that began in the mid 1980s, following the purchase of the Docks from the Manchester Ship Canal caller-up by Salford City Council in 1983. A development plan was prepared, which sought to create a new quarter of the city which has a unique character derived from the way in which all parts of the development are related to water and where people would be encouraged to work, live and play in a high quality environment Salford City Council, 1985. However, despite the great potential that existed in the development of the waterfront, the site was not ideally located in terms of attracting residents, businesses or visitors The Docks were three kilometres from the city centre, enclosed by walls and filled with polluted water Struthers 2003.At that time there was very little infrastructure existing prior to the plan. The adjacent Trafford Park Industrial Estate, was littered with derelict warehouses that had little access to the road network and no public transport provisions. Consequently, a reclamation programme was directed at three vital aspects of the site water, roads and services, in addition to public access and landscaping. Following concerns that the site may be developed purely for housing and offices, a development strategy review was prepared and published in 1988 and set the context for future proposals with an emphasis on a mixture of uses and their relationship to the water, providing opportunities for leisure and culture based activities Salford City Council, 1988. This reflected the idea that both physical and environmental improvements had to be made in order to fully exploit the potential of Salford Quays.It took five years to close the main water basin which allowed the water itself to be treated and cleaned whilst the surrounding areas were cleared dress for the private sector development that was to follow. The access roads were developed to link the Quays internally, this initially meant the i mprovement of bridges, paths and walkways. There were also connections made to the major road networks into Manchester and beyond. This was all carried out in conjunction with landscaping the area and installing lighting and street furniture before any major building work could be carried out.The success of the Lowry Centre was entirely dependent on the infrastructure that was laid before it, in order to carry the number of visitors, workers and residents that would be required for it to be a success. The presence of the Lowry itself was a main drawing point for the Imperial War Museum which is now located directly opposite and is linked by the Lowry baby-walker bridge. The Imperial War Museum, a major tourist attraction in its own right was opened in 2002 and was designed by renowned architect, Daniel Libeskind, the rarified design aimed to depict the world as a globe, shattered by war and mans self-destruction Libeskind, 2001.Along with Old Trafford, the Imperial War Museum and the Lowry signify the cultural landmarks known as The Quays. The decision to extend Manchesters tram link to the Quays from Manchester City Centre as well as Bury in the north and Altrincham in the south of the city meant that the Quays was now open to a greater number of visitors, commuters and also residents.Chapter 4- RegenerationSustainable regeneration Environmental effects of regeneration somatic regeneration Arguments against Regeneration social and environmental (rich people/poor areas and the infrastructure)Environmental / Physical effectsThe appearance and environment of towns and cities are clear representations of their history as well as indicators of their present ability to provide a quality of life to residents and business owners or workers.The built environment has always performed a wide range of functions, the main theme being initially shelter, social enablers and also trade. All of this f

The Feeding Of The Five Thousand Religion Essay

The Feeding Of The Five Thousand Religion Es tell apartMeier believes the indication of the provide of the five molar concentration point from starting line 8 14-21, when compargond to the second nutrition miracle, is a redaction that is being reworded. This comment is loosely based on the fact that the disciples did not experience the miracle face to face (vis--vis). The displacement of magic has similarities from the peerless in Mark 8 1-10, said while the same weednot be said ab give away the whiz found in Mark 632-44 it cannot be found. For example, the question of whence occurs in both(prenominal) Mark 8 4 and John 65. The main difficulty that Meir has is the John layer of the feed myth is self-employed person on the chance variable found in the book of Mark. He feels it does not make superstar that the version found in Mark 8 is considered the redaction of Mark 6, if the wiz found in John 8 shargon much similarities with that of Mark 6, instead of version in Mark 8. He is alive(predicate) that m any good deal run into problems when trying to explain such a thing. Meier questions how is it that Mark creates a rewording of the study, that distributes many pigment points with John 6 and not Mark 8 Mark 6 and John 6 share the sustenance story with the five thousand throng fed with five loaves of scrawl and cardinal fishes, while the Mark version feeds four thousand people with seven loaves and a few fishes. On the another(prenominal)(prenominal) note, they both share the Greek name for baskets (deuce hundred pennyworth of refined sugar), as opposed to Mark 8. According to Meier, Mark 632-44 has the greatest comes of par onlyels with the independent version of John 6 1 15. The theory that Mark 6 is a Marcan redaction based solely on Mark 8 is unsustainable. non only is John 6 is the independent version of the feeding, but also that Mark 6 and Mark 8 represent two different versions of the feeding miracle both were spread in th e pre-Marcan tradition of the first Christian generation.There has been great debates on which elements should be assigned to tradition or redaction in the feeding stories based in Mark 6, Mark 8 and John 6. Meier believes well-nigh redaction traits are more in the open. The Johnanne version takes great address in letting the reader know that deliveryman already knows what Philip is going to do, even as Philip ask John for information. Another redaction intervention can be found in John 64, with the mention of Pass everyplace which is more debatable. The best way in indicating the essential elements of the primitive feeding story is to appoint the elements most prevalent in at least two out of the three stories, or even from the three. Since John has the independent version of the feeding story, it makes sense for the John version and one of the Marcan versions to be used. According to Meier, the way to tell which version of the feeding of the mountain is primitive it would ch oose to contain the following elements The apparatus (which is the temporal and geographical setting, the introduction of the characters, and the need to be met). The setting is on the shores of the Sea of Galilee, which is an uninhabited, desolate place. The actors include deliverer, his disciples and a large crew that had followed due to the miracles performed by Christ. The dialogue in presenting the problem, Jesus and his disciples discuss on the subject about the want of regimen for the wad there are only five loaves and two fishes. The lack of supplies is pretty obvious. The overtop in which Jesus tells the crowd to relax on the grass brings the setup to an end and provides the connection to the miracle proper (which is the oral communication and industrial plant that affect the miracle and the awareness of the miracle taking place). Jesus takes the five loaves, give thanks, he breaks them and gives it to his disciples to distribute, same thing with the fish. Everyone is filled. The Conclusion is the confirmation that the miracle actually happened There are twelve baskets full of leftoverover bread, as the multitude have become full. Other possible conclusions are that Jesus dismisses the crowd, found in the Mark versions, or the crowd acclaims Jesus, found in Johns version.During Jesus pubic ministries, many have believed he performed miracles of exorcism and doubt that the feeding of the multitude goes top to any shell in his lifetime. One of the reasons is that many commentators believe the feeding story was strongly influenced by old testament stories, popicularly the story of Elisha feeding one hundred people with twenty barley loaves found in 2 Kings 442 44, the accounts of Jesus actions over the bread and wine at the in the end Supper, and from the regular repetition of the words and actions of Jesus in early Christian worship. It is from these stories that many critics believe the feeding of the multitude arose in the early churc h. In Meiers view, each sources have left their individual mark on the various versions of the story some versions more than others. It still remains to be proven if Judaic and Christian influences had any part with creating the Gospel miracle story. The Old Testament story that has the most in common of the feeding of the multitude is the miracle of feeding by the prophet Elisha. In 2 Kings 442-44, a man comes from Baalshalisha, brings Elisha an offering of twenty loaves of barley bread. Elisha orders his servant to give the bread to the people to eat. The servant questions how this amount of bread can satisfy them. Elisha repeats his command with a small prophecy from Yahweh They shall eat and there will be some left over (v 43). The servant obeys and the prophecy is fulfilled (v 44). The parallels of the both feeding of the multitude stories are obvious (1) The prophets apparent impossible order a prophets orders his servant to feed a large group of people with a know small amou nt of bread (20 loaves to hundred men, 5 loaves for five thousand), (2) Bread with some other foodstuff , (3) The objection from his servant the servant does not read what is to happen, so he protests and stresses the impossibility of satisfying one hundred people with twenty loaves, (4) The prophets insistent command overriding his servants objection, insisting the order be carried out as planned, (5) The miracle and its confirmation by way of surplus when the order is obeyed, the people are fed and there is leftover bread present. In order for another miracle to seem even greater, the number of people fed would naturally be increased in the Gospel story (from one hundred to four or five thousand), and the number of loaves on hand would naturally be decreased (from twenty to seven thousand or five thousand).At the same time, there are apparent differences between the Elisha and the Gospel feeding miracles. (1) There is no exact geographical or temporal setting to the Elisha story, unlike the feeding of the multitude (ex by the Sea of Galilee, near Passover, in the late afternoon), (2) In 2 Kings, there is nothing said of a crowd following Elisha. (3) There is no description to who the hundred people are and it is unclear where they came from in this concise story. (4) There is no indication that the hundred people were suffering from great hunger, lack of food or are unable to get any food by normal means. (5) The miracle story in 2 Kings begins with the surprising command of Elisha, with no preparation, background, or motivation in the communicative. When compared, the conversation between Jesus and his disciples setup the problem of the peoples lack of food before any food is present on impersonatee. (6) In the Gospels, the disciples are the ones that supply and locate the little food, and they do so only after the story is under way. (7) Jesus first commands the crowd to sit on the grass, performing the Jewish mansion ritual for beginning a formal meal , which does not happen in the Elisha story including the fish. (8) The questions and objections of the disciples precede his actual order, thereof introducing the miracle proper. (9) The amount of leftovers in the Elishas story is unknown, compared to the twelve or seven baskets of bread left over in the Gospel narratives. (10) The basic structure of the concise Elisha story is based on prophecy and fulfillment, not so much the Gospel story.There are many other parallels that some versions of the Gospel story have with the Elisha story but the parallels are not necessarily part of the most primitive form of the Gospel miracle of feeding. For example, the notion that the bread is barley is found only in Johns version (69, 13) of the Gospel story the same adjective used in the Elisha story. While the mention of barley might be a token from the primitive form of the Gospel story preserved in John, it is also possible that Johns version is late and secondary. Another possible explana tion of the specification of barley loaves, John mentions that the miracle takes place near Passover (which is the time of the barley harvest). In other words, Johns notion that the bread was barley might simply be his way of accentuate his beloved Passover symbolism. That goes to show that every parallel found between the present Gospel versions of Jesus feeding of the multitude and the Elisha story does not go back to the primitive form of the Gospel story. Even though the Elisha story shares a number of basic elements with the primitive version of the Gospel story, there is much in the Gospel miracle not found in 2 Kings 442-44.The other major text suggested as sources for the feeding miracle are the various forms of Jesus words and actions over the bread and wine at the Last Supper. According to Meier, not all commentators agree that the feeding miracle was affected by the Last Supper. Among the two Marcan and the one Johanne versions, the overtones of the Last Supper seem more evident in the structure of the second Marcan story. In Mark 8 6-7, it says (over the bread) And taking the seven loaves of bread, bragging(a) thanks, he skint them and gave them to his disciples (Over the fish) and pronouncing a blessing over them, he commanded them also to be set out, and they ate. At the Last Supper, Jesus said And taking the loaf of bread, giving thanks, he broke it and gave it to the disciples (Over the cup) giving thanks or pronouncing a blessing, he gave it to them and they all drank. It is obvious that they share similarities in words. In the second Marcan version, there is a see to it in the mentioning of the fish. This causes the bread to dominate the story from the beginning to the end. In the Marcan version of the Last Supper (Mark 1422 -23), Jesus first pronounces a blessing over the bread and then gives thanks over the wine, with the same participles, in reverse order, that are used in Mark 86-7.The parallel with the Last Supper narrative is not qui te clear in the first version of the feeding miracle, and less clear in John 6. The commentators that reject the Last Supper as a parallel stress the actions of Jesus over the bread and wine was merely the free grace to God, as done by the head of a Jewish household over the bread that is broken to begin a formal meal. While there is some truth to this claim, it does not take into account a number of factors. (1) Mark 81-10 is so significant in the debate is because the tradition has evidently been carefully altered to provide a balanced pattern of giving thanks and then pronouncing a blessing over the pursees of food. The parallel of thanksgiving or blessings over the bread first and then over the side dish (fish) does not match the original Jewish ritual of thanksgiving but matches the narrative of Jesus parallel thanksgiving or blessing over the bread and wine. (2) Within the context of the Synoptic Gospels, it really misses the point to say that the actions of Jesus over the b read and fish are similar to ones of a Jewish server at a formal meal the actions of Jesus over the bread do not echo with those of the Synoptic Jesus at the Last Supper. (3) The uninvolved version of the feeding miracle found in Mark 86-7 are mostly likely later developments in the tradition of the Gospel story. Neither the Last Supper nor the Elisha story can prove the presence of fish alongside the bread. The fish tends to be increasingly downplayed in most of the Gospel versions of the feeding story they are a primitive element rather than a later development in the tradition. In Meiers opinion, there is no explanation for their presence in all the versions of the story of some originating event in the life of Jesus. The earliest form of the feeding miracle available to us does not seem to have crossed with Elisha or Last Supper motifs and some of the elements of the earliest form (notably the fish are not explainable on the grounds of the Elisha and Last Supper traditions. Ra ther, the account of Jesus feeding the multitude was defected. The stories of Elisha and the Last Supper do not seem to have created the Gospel feeding miracle. (4) Although the feeding miracle concerns the multiplication of loaves and fish, in every version of the feeding miracle the fish go into the background. The subject is kept mostly on the bread, probably because the bread offers a direct cross-reference to the Last Supper. As seen in the second Marcan version of the feeding miracle (Mark 81-10), the story speaks almost entirely of loaves of bread or leftover pieces of bread. A few fish is only mentioned in one verse (87). Meier takes an indifferent(p) position. On one hand, he rejects the views of the commentators that the Elisha story or the Last Supper had any influence on the feeding miracle. The parallels are so clear. On the other hand, the parallels are not much that the origin of the feeding miracle narrative can be entirely explained merely by application to the El isha story or the Last Supper tradition.The Elisha story and Last Supper tradition cannot whole explain the origin of the story of Jesus feeding the multitude. The question that comes into place is whether there are indications that some historical event in Jesus ministry may be behind the early Christian narrative? The answer comes from two criteria of historicity. (1) When compared to most Gospel miracle stories, the feeding miracle is supported by an unusually strong verification of multiple sources. It is not only verified independently in both Mark and John, but also two figure forms (cycles) of the tradition lying behind Marks Gospel each one begins with one version of the feeding miracle (Mark 632-44 and Mark 81-10). Before the cycles were created, the two versions of the feeding miracle would have spread as independent units, the first version attracting itself to the story of Jesus walking on the water (a development that can be witnessed in John 6), while the second ver sion did not receive much detail. Behind all the versions of the miracle story, it would have had some primitive form.(2) Jesus unremarkably spoke of the coming kingdom of God under the design of a banquet. The emphasis of a banquet or festival meal as an image of the kingdom were not just words spoken it played an important role in Jesus actions as well. Jesus has been known for his presence at festival banquets (Mark 215-17 Matthew 1118-19 Luke 733-34). Based on Meiers opinion, in comparison to the various celebrations of table fellowship hosted by Jesus, the most memorable one was the feeding of the multitude due to the unusual number of participants also this one was held at the Sea of Galilee, rather than in a town or village. round have suggested that Jesus and his disciples shared what little food they had with others, which influenced the rest of the crowd (especially the rich people present in the crowd) by their good example to share their supplies until all were fed. Ot her critics came up with the assumption that Jesus hid supplies of food in a cave and made his disciples distribute it to the crowd. Albert Schweitzer gave his own twist Jesus gave everyone in the crowd a piece of bread as a symbol of the heavenly banquet to come the meal was thus the antitype of the messianic feasta sacrament of redemption.Meier believes the sources do not allow us to specify the details of the event, especially since the influence of both the Elisha miracle story and the Last Supper tradition on the retelling of the story in Christian decades. Whether something actually miraculous happened is not open to verification by the means of a historian it ultimately depends on a persons worldview, not what historical investigation can tell us about the event. In the last analysis, nothing connects these widely different stories together. For some time, it has seemed that at least one link, non-historically, would connect all the natural miracles together. But now the comm on link has been broken by the story of Jesus feeding the multitude, in Meiers view, that goes back to some memorable meal of the public ministry. Once again, the common category called nature miracles is viewed to be an illusion.According to Daniel Harrington, the story of the miracle feeding is the only miracle of Jesus proved in all four Gopsels, and the only one that is recounted in two forms. The feedings occur in the wilderness or desolate places and are gift miracles similar to the water from the rock (Exod 171-7) and the miraculous feeding of the Israelites through manna in the wilderness (Exod 161-36). Daniel says the Wisdom tradition feeding is linked with teaching and bread is linked with knowledge. Harrington states the closest the story in the Old Testament that parallels the miracle story found in Mark is the feeding story of Elisha he agrees with Meier. In both stories, the main characters (Jesus, Elisha) give an impossible order involving a small amount of food and a large crowd to feed. In both cases, there is food left over even though there are more people than there is food.The narrative follows the general structure of a miracle story with a setting that describes a situation of need, a request, the in good order work itself, and some demonstration of the action. There are a number of elements that brings up the question of dealing between the two Marcian feedings. They have similarity in setting, content, and structure but also, significant differeneces. The differences are the number of individuals in the crowd (5000 vs. 4000), the amount of food in the beginning available, and the disclosure between Jesus and the disciples. Harrington points out that in Mark 81-10, the disciples give no indication of knowing that Jesus will perform his mighty work, even after the participating in the feeding of Mark 630-44. There have been various proposals to help relate the narratives (1) there was a oneness early narrative that took different for ms in the tradition, (2) Mark 8 1-10 is an early pre-Markan narrative that Mark uses to compose the one found in Mark 630-44 (which can detested by Meier, himself) and (3) there were two different pre-Marcian versions of the story and both were edited by Mark. There is a depression by the majority of interpreters that there was an early narrative that the individual evangelists reworked and adapted to their theological perspectives.Harrington agrees with Meier on the thought that all the feeding stories and the Last Supp narrative, despite the significant differences, describe Jesus saying a blessing or a prayer of thanksgiving taking bread, breaking it, and giving it to disciples or crowds to eat. The similarities outweigh the differences. One option that should be avoided is the belief that the people were so moved by the words of Jesus that they divided their food with others, as Meier also stated. The narrative rather gives a picture of Jesus as compassionate toward the hungr y people and pertain about their physical hunger. Harrington believed a church that invokes the name of Jesus must be concerned about the spiritual and physical hungers of people today.According to William Lane, the account of the feeding of the multitude has a particular significance in the framework of Marks Gospel. The exposit introduction (Mark 630-34), the extended dialogue with the disciples (Mark 635-38) , the frequent references to this occasion (Mark 6 52 817-21) and the sequel in the feeding of the four thousand (Mark 81-10), shows that the evangelist regarded this event as crucial for understanding the dignity of Jesus. The book of Mark shows the glory of God unveiled through the abundant furnish of bread in the wilderness where Jesus is Israels faithful shepherd. The extended conversation of Jesus with his disciples concerning bread is the distinctive element in the Marcan account of the feeding of the multitude, as Meier would agree with.Overall, I do believe the fee ding of the five thousand found in Mark 8 is the redaction of Mark 6. It only makes sense, because the version of the story in Mark 6 and John 6 share many similiarities , compared to the version in Mark 8 Mark 6 and John 6 share the feeding the story with the five thousand people fed with five loaves of bread and two fishes, while the Mark 8 version feeds four thousand people with seven loaves of bread and two fishes. It goes to show that the feeding story found in John 6 is the independent version of the feeding miracle and that Mark versions represent two different versions of the feeding miracle.Growing up in the church, I would say that I strongly disagree with Meirs belief that Jesus performed miracles of exorcism, during his public ministries. I was taught that Jesus performed miraculous works because he had compassion and love for his people, and wanted his disciples and follows to witness the good works of the Lord, his Father. I do agree that the Old Testaments stories (pa rticularly the story of the Elisha feeding) and the Last Supper do share many similarities, but I do not see substantial evidence to say that these two stories influenced the miracle feeding of the five thousand. As Meier said it, I also believe it still remains to be proven if Jewish and Christian influences had any part with creating the Gospel miracle story. Even though the Last Supper has parallels with the miracle feeding story found in Mark 8, the parallel in Mark 6 is not quite clear and less clear in John 6. Like Meier, I believe the actions of Jesus over the bread and wine was him giving thanksgiving to God, also done by the head of a Jewish household over the bread that is broken to begin a formal meal and one-time(prenominal) he acts out constantly. The parallel of thanksgiving or blessings over the bread first and then over the fish does not resemble the original Jewish ritual of Thanksgiving only the narrative of Jesus parallel over the bread and wine. I also agree wit h Meier that the Elisha Story and the Last Supper tradition cannot completely explain the origin of the story of Jesus feeding the multitude. It is debatable as to whether there are any indications that some historical event in Jesus ministry may be behind the early Christian miracle stories.I do believe the emphasis of a banquet or festival meal as a image of the kingdom were not words spoken, but played an important role in Jesus actions he was known for his presence at festival banquets. I strongly agree with Meier that the most memorable banquet or festival meal is the feeding of the multitude. Growing up, I always knew and was aware of the feeding miracle I knew a little bit of the Last Supper and knew nothing of the Elisha story. Personally, the feeding story was one of the stories that always stuck to me. I believe that whether something miraculous hazard in the feeding miracle depends on a persons worldview, not from the results of the historical investigation of an event. It is up to everyone to do their own result and have their own beliefs.

The definition of leadership and mentoring

The definition of leadership and mentoringLeadership and mentoring plunder be two different terms that argon either related or unrelated. You can be a protg and not be a leader at that time. You can be a mentor and be in an administrative position. You can be a leader and never mentor but that would be a shame. A quality of both a mentor and a leader is advising or training the next generation of librarians or retraining veteran librarians. Mentoring is a growth sense on both sides.What does leadership and mentoring mean?According to The American Heritage Dictionary, leadership is defined as the position or duty of a leaderor the capacity to lead. Mentoring message a wise and trusted counselor and teacher. Remember thatlibrarians mentor a patron how to use online catalog or electronic database. We may not endure the title ofa teacher, but our profession is teaching. I believe leadership goes with mentoring. A mentor helps youto become a better leader at either stage in leade rship. Leaders become mentors and you can bementored and be mentoring anformer(a) person at the exact same time.You may not level be aware that you are mentoring. Until it was pointed discover to me, I did not realize that Iwas mentoring another staff member. When she left her position, she told me how grateful she was thatI encouraged her to blend a program library Technical Assistant certificate and go on the finish her BachelorsDegree. She is now applying to graduate schools in Library Science.Does the dictionarys definition leave out more than or less elements when defining leadership?Leadership means being able to lead, wanting to lead and teaching others to lead. A leader needs tohave some key characteristics to be able to be an effective leader the ability to write agendas, runmeetings, set goals and objectives, create business plans and motivate followers and other leaders.Other qualities/skills that a leader needs are being able to manage people and processes to be ab le tolend a hand when needed, perspicacious when an extra hand is needed, knowing when to push peopleharder, knowing when to slow people down. Are you lacking some of these? Do you really know that youdo or do not have these qualities? How do you get these characteristics or skills to become a mentor ora better leader?Where do you find opportunities to be leader and to be a mentor?The primary opportunity that everyone thinks of first for mentoring and leadership skills is the workplace.However, there are many other settings, such(prenominal) as an adult civic organization, a youth/child civicorganization, society/religious organization, and professional organizations, where leadership andmentoring opportunities exist. Where do you find these? Use the Internet, phonebook, township hall, a subroutine librarys bulletin board, a grocerys bulletin board, college newsletters and bulletin boards or just askpeople in your community what organizations exist. Mentoring and leadership can ha ppen in your dailypersonal life, work life and in your community. You can also be a leader and follower in the samesituation.There are many organizations out there in the international community. The one that I know surface is theUnited States Jaycees (part of the Junior Chamber International). My experience is with the Greatercapital of Connecticut (Connecticut) Jaycees. We are the largest chapter in the United States as of February 2004. Inmy first years of being a Jaycee, I realized that I was a leader. I had the promote or ambition to lead. Ilearned by means of the Jaycees to be more organized, to plan events (timelines are good things), to developrelationship among members, and how to better relate to the office staff. I learned some amazing skillshow to publish a newsletter, to run computer software, to hammer a nail into a set for a follow House,to help build a house for Habitat for Humanity. I learned you need laughter in your daily life and timemanagement skills. I lear ned round international food and cultures and how to write a chairmansplanning guide (basically a business plan that the Jaycees use to run an event/project). In the Jaycees,there are State, National, and International Conferences. This has been a great opportunity for me topick up or refine leadership skills, even learning Roberts Rules of Order, as well as to break down a bit.Remember, learning to be a leader or part of mentorship program can be done in a fun atmosphere. Ihave learned wonderful leadership skills while having fun and helping out the community. The GreaterHartford Jaycee website is http//www.greaterhartfordjaycees.org/ and the United States Jaycees websiteis http//www.usjaycees.org/.Opportunities for Leadership Skills donnish and Professional CommitteesCharitable Organizations (i.e. March of Dimes, American Diabetes Assoc.)Junior Chamber of CommerceKiwanis ClubLibrary BoardsLions Club (your Jaycees years of services carry over)Political Committees rophy ClubSorori ty or Fraternal OrganizationsOpportunities for MentoringGet involved with a professional organization that is in your specialty of library science, or in an area oflibrary science that you want to work in the future. Some work-related organizations include AmericanLibrary fellowship, Special Library experience, Association for College and Research Libraries andState Library Association. My experience again I am on the CT Library Associations Committee Reference and Adult Services. These associations are places where you can find both leadershippositions and mortal to mentor you. CT Library Association has a wonderful mentoring program that Iwent through a couple years ago.American Association of wellness Science LibrariesThe American Association of Health Science Libraries (AAHSL), in conjunction with the National Libraryof Medicine (NLM), has started a leadership program for its members. The program includes travelmoney to spend two weeks with a mentor, attend continuing educati on classes and more. AAHSL is inits second year of the program. The program is set up so that the rising leaders learn the followingIntroduce emerging academic health sciences library leaders to leadership theory and practical tools forimplementing change at organizational and professional levels.Develop meaningful professional relationships between fellows and mentors that give fellows access to course guidance and support.Expose fellows to another academic health sciences library beneath the guidance of their mentors.Examine career development and provide models of directors to potential future academic healthsciences library directors.Create a cohort of learners who will retch upon each other for support throughout their careers.Offer recognition to emerging leaders.The NLM/AAHSL Leadership Fellows Program comprises six components over a one-year time writea one-day opening Orientation Session,an ongoing Mentoring relationship,a half-day Leadership Institute,a two-week Libra ry Site Visit,three short, self-paced Web-based Courses on selected leadership topics, anda two- to three-day Capstone Event.For more information about the NLM/AAHSL program, schedule and application go to http//www.arl.org/olms/fellows/.American Association of Law Libraries (AALL)The Mentoring and Retention committee plans and implements programs designed to provide anetwork through which the newer members of AALL, and members contemplating job changes ordesiring career guidance, can establish personal contact with experienced law librarians who can serveas resources for information and advise on the profession and the Association. In addition, thiscommittee plans, promotes, and presents the Annual Conference of Newer Law Librarians (CONELL).For a roster and other information about AALL go to http//www.aallnet.org/committee/menret_com.asp.Connecticut Library AssociationThe Connecticut Library Association has a mentoring and protg program. The CLA website formentoring program is htt p//cla.uconn.edu/new/mentor1r.doc. The website explains why the mentoringprogram was started. It also defines the difference between protg and a mentor.A protg should bear1. a role model.2. to learn how the library field functions.3. to make contacts with other individuals in the profession.4. help in defining career objectives.5. specialized information and help.6. the chance to learn from the mentors experience.7. a way to gather information about other areas of librarianship.8. more confidence and problem-solving skills.The mentor can expect1. new opportunities for challenge.2. career enrichment.3. enhanced self-esteem and reputation.4. opportunities to share knowledge and expertise.5. a revitalized interest in work.6. professional satisfaction.The CLA website also list information about CLA committees, scholarships and calendar of programs.You can join a committee, such as Childrens, Reference and Adult Services, Support Staff, and Collegeand University. A member can also assis t with the annual conference. This is a wonderful way to easeinto leadership roles. Check out your local and state library associations. CLA website is http//cla.uconn.edu.American Library AssociationOn the ALA website, you can find the Spectrum Initiative section for a mentoring and networks. This isthe formal training program. The website is http//www.ala.org/ala/diversity/spectrum/spectruminitiative.htm and then click on Mentoring and Networks under Diversity. Currently, the mentoring portion of thewebsite is not available.Special Libraries AssociationIf you are a member of SLA, there is a mentoring program for you. There are many state chapters thathave mentoring programs. You can explore SLA website at http//www.sla.org.Association of College and Research LibrariesThe University of Georgia gives articles, websites, library organizations and associations, forumrecommendations, and mentoring programs at specific libraries. I found out that Special LibrariesAssociation has a ment oring program for librarians in the areas of physic, math and astronomy.Take a look at http//www.libs.uga.edu/mentor/resources.html.Academic LibrariesAcademic Libraries has a bibliography of mentoring articles and websites at http//www.nsula.edu/watson_library/acrl/bonnetteAcademicBib.htm.There are many leadership and mentoring opportunities in our communities. appear within your librarysetting/organization. Explore your options in library associations, civic organizations, charitableorganizations and community library boards. Use what is available to you to gain the necessary skills.

The Wizord Of Oz Symbolizing The Gilded Age :: essays research papers

The story ( The Wonder World of OZ ) written by Frank Baum is filled with symbolism. Symbolism a style of writing apply symbols and indirect suggestion to express ideas, emotions, people etc. The story gives a lot of symbols relating to the gilded age in Ameri discount history which took place from 1880 1900. The main(prenominal) symbols are Dorothy, the Land of Oz, lion, Emerald City, flying monkeys. The first person the story talks about in the story is Dorothy. Shes a girl that comes form Kansas and was carried by a tornado. In the story when the reader first meet Dorothy he finds out that she is very curios, and straight forward. Dorothy in the story represents the average farmers in Kansas. On the other hand the tornado represents the change that has come up on farmers The Industrial Age. Therefore the story creates a equivalence between Dorothy and her new contend getting back home and the farmers industrialization problem and fall of crop prices.The Land of Oz was a whol e new area, which acted like a whole new country. I had its own system. Dorothy was scared of it she didnt know the laws and how the people acted. To me I think The Land of Oz symbolizes the Western US. That is because the Western USs lacking of power and it has no voice, they save follow the east. The Land of Oz is closely related to the Western US due to the fact that they are only under the wizards rule and that the people have no voice. The munchkins organize themselves in order for them to get rid of the witch. And so did the westerners they created Alliances so they can get rid of problems much faster and much easier.The loin in the story has no courage and is seeking courage form the wizard in order for him to be the king of the jungle. He tries to scare people or even hurt them but he cant. The lion creates a direct comparison with William J. Bryant. This is because when William Bryant tried to solve the problem that was going on in the US Treasury by improving the treasury with free gold. Both the lion succeeds in protecting his forest and so does Bryant by receiving a higher rank in office, and becoming more popular.Another straight comparison is Emerald City.

Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers

People or so the world speak of American influence in politics, business, and merchandise. The terms globalization or global interdependence ar recently existence more understood by most when defining them with relation to corporations, environmental issues, and the newfangled economy. screwing these terms be used to describe the religious beliefs in Canada? The religious life of matrimony American society does not check its roots hither at home. We live in a Christian domain. Its roots are 2000 years old and lie half way most the world. It is every(prenominal) around us in our homes, schools, workplace, media, and quite inescapable in our daily lives. In the 21st Century however, basic Christian values are being influenced by Eastern religions. Buddhism, in particular, is becoming very popular in North America. What happens when a person attempts to be a Buddhist assistant in a Christian society?Long sooner Christian missionaries spread their word around the globe, Buddh ist monks were traveling afar attracting followers. Buddhism was the worlds first missional religion. There was no evidence that each religion before it was evoke in spreading their faith on a world-wide basis. Indeed, the opposite was the case. Pre-Buddhist religions were more interested in excluding others from its crimp rather than welcoming them. However, outside Asia, these missionary attempts were somewhat unfruitful. Although Buddhism successfully spread throughout Asia it remained virtu eachy unknown in the West until modern times. Knowledge of Buddhism has light through three main channels Western scholars the work of philosophers, writers and artists and the arrival of Asian immigrants who have brought various forms of Buddhism with them. Many Tibetans, for example, fled from their country later on the Chinese takeover in 1959. The wars in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s led many Vietnamese people to move to and settle in America. early(a) Buddhists from countries such as Thailand have established businesses in the larger Western cities. They have all brought their Buddhist beliefs to their new homes, and helped to set up Buddhist centres all over North America. With technology and the expansion of travel and communications, the West has been able to find out more about Buddhism in this century than in all the time before. &nb... ...d by an arrow wishes to know who shoots the arrow, from which direction it comes, whether the arrow head is made of bone or iron, whether the shaft is of this kind of wood or another(prenominal) before he will have the arrow removed. This man is likened to those who would like to know about the origin of the Universe, whether the world is eternal or not, finite or not before they will undertake the practice of a religion. Just as the man in the parable will die before he has all the answers he wants regarding the origin and nature of the arrow, such people will die before they will ever have the answers to all t heir irrelevant questions. Personally, knowledge this theory has caused me to first, suspire in relief. I sigh because I realize that the Buddha is right. I realize that all the stress in deciding on a religion is totally irrelevant. The first step is accepting the world the way it is, at the present time, and understanding it. Then, concentrate on the things that are causing the woe in my life. Without being a Buddha, one can live a life that would please any God (real or not, in almost any religion), while at the same time that person can be happy. Buddhism Essay -- essays research papers People around the world speak of American influence in politics, business, and merchandise. The terms globalization or global interdependence are recently being more understood by most when defining them with relation to corporations, environmental issues, and the modern economy. Can these terms be used to describe the religious beliefs in Canada? The religious life of North A merican society does not find its roots here at home. We live in a Christian domain. Its roots are 2000 years old and lie half way around the world. It is all around us in our homes, schools, workplace, media, and quite inescapable in our daily lives. In the 21st Century however, basic Christian values are being influenced by Eastern religions. Buddhism, in particular, is becoming very popular in North America. What happens when a person attempts to be a Buddhist follower in a Christian society?Long before Christian missionaries spread their word around the globe, Buddhist monks were traveling afar attracting followers. Buddhism was the worlds first missionary religion. There was no evidence that any religion before it was interested in spreading their faith on a world-wide basis. Indeed, the opposite was the case. Pre-Buddhist religions were more interested in excluding others from its fold rather than welcoming them. However, outside Asia, these missionary attempts were somewhat u nfruitful. Although Buddhism successfully spread throughout Asia it remained virtually unknown in the West until modern times. Knowledge of Buddhism has come through three main channels Western scholars the work of philosophers, writers and artists and the arrival of Asian immigrants who have brought various forms of Buddhism with them. Many Tibetans, for example, fled from their country after the Chinese takeover in 1959. The wars in Indochina in the 1950s and 1960s led many Vietnamese people to move to and settle in America. Other Buddhists from countries such as Thailand have established businesses in the larger Western cities. They have all brought their Buddhist beliefs to their new homes, and helped to set up Buddhist centres all over North America. With technology and the expansion of travel and communications, the West has been able to find out more about Buddhism in this century than in all the time before. &nb... ...d by an arrow wishes to know who shoots the arrow, from which direction it comes, whether the arrow head is made of bone or iron, whether the shaft is of this kind of wood or another before he will have the arrow removed. This man is likened to those who would like to know about the origin of the Universe, whether the world is eternal or not, finite or not before they will undertake the practice of a religion. Just as the man in the parable will die before he has all the answers he wants regarding the origin and nature of the arrow, such people will die before they will ever have the answers to all their irrelevant questions. Personally, learning this theory has caused me to first, sigh in relief. I sigh because I realize that the Buddha is right. I realize that all the stress in deciding on a religion is completely irrelevant. The first step is accepting the world the way it is, at the present time, and understanding it. Then, concentrate on the things that are causing the suffering in my life. Without being a Buddha, one can live a lif e that would please any God (real or not, in almost any religion), while at the same time that person can be happy.

Abolute Monarchs Essay -- essays research papers

ABSOLUTE MONARCHS During the middle of the seventeen century and early eighteen century, the system of central authority was established. fagot Louis cardinal (Sun King), Frederick William (The Elector), and Tsar Peter I (The Great) their achievements, policies, and similarities were in view of obtaining desired goals. Many achievements for advancement were accomplished during the late 1700s and early 1800s. The French King Louis fourteen created at Versailles, near Paris a elaborate court and in 1680s he transformed a small chateau into the largest building in Europe, 12 miles from Paris. Also, Louis XIV carried off successfully a dual functions. He was both King in council and King in court. In his view, the two rules went together and he held them in balance. Frederick William developed, Berlin, into a cultural center he founded what was to become one of the finest libraries in the world, the Prussian State Library. He made his palace a center of art. Frederick turn program be autified Berlin with new churches and huge public buildings. He also established an academy of Sciences. Tsar Peter I was the only one of the autocrats to build an totally new capital, called ST. Petersburg. Policies were implemented to establish precedence. Louis XIV implemented polices to expand Frances&8217s frontiers and to assert his superiority over other European states. In the early 1680s, Louis choose the Marquis aim and asserted his right to a succession of territories on Frances&a...

Emotional Break-down in Susan Glaspells Trifles :: Trifles Essays

Emotional Break-down in Trifles   Trifles is an interesting story about the emotional break-down of a country woman. It is obvious by certain descriptions within the text that she did puzzle an emotional trauma. However, it is never made clear if she killed her husband or did he commit suicide. The emotional trauma can be scene in the scratch line of the story by her attitude towards Mr. Hale. Ms. Wright is in a state of shock her constant rocking pleating of her skirt her queer look and her dead pan resolution to how Mr. Wright died He died of a rope around his neck all indicate a high level of emotional stress in a situation. She is not responding to anything. Also, Mrs. Hale and Mrs. Peters examine her quilting. The run up is very nice and even and then suddenly it becomes a wild disaray of stiches. These actions and inactions truly indicate an unbalanced state of psychological being, however, is it enough to charge a woman with murder. What further indicates the d ifficulty in deciding if Mrs. Wright killed Mr. Wright is the canary. Mrs. Wright shows that she loves the canary by trying to bury it in the pretty sewing box. This is not the action of someone who killed the canary. Mrs. Wright is also described as being like a bird. The reader can envision her as someone piddling or slight. She is described as being sweet, pretty, timid and fluttery. It would take a lot for someone of this description to commit murder. On the other hand, Mr. Wright is described as someone who is difficult to live with. He is described by Mrs. Hale as having killed the bird like qualities in his wife. He appears to be an overbearing, unhappy person. I propose that it is Mr. Wright who kills the canary. He is taking something away from his wife trying to keep control over her. Also the cage is severely damaged. Mrs. Wright is not described as someone with a lot of military capability. Following that vein of thought I also propose that Mr. Wright went crazy. He k illed the bird and hung himself. It would take a lot of strength to hang a large man and Mr. Wright was envisoned to be. Also the sheriff and county attorney are baffled by the way the rope was strung up, it was rigged up strangely.