The Controversial Issues of Obesity, Food, and Health

In recent discussions of obesity, food, and health, a controversial issue has been whether what people consider being healthy or obese. People share their personal beliefs or experiences about being healthy and about what others need to do or eat to be healthy. On one hand, some people find ways to blame others about the unhealthy eating habits our society has, while other people think that we are responsible for our eating habits, and that we need to choose the healthiest way to eat. Recently, dietitians, the Congress, nutritionists, and the authors of some of the articles we have read have tried to fight against obesity; the results discovered are that we cannot fight the obesity war by ourselves; we need to include our society, the food literature, put labels with nutritional values on food, and we even need the media to change how we see fast-food. In some of the articles we have encountered, we learn that we should also change the cultural view of the food we eat. Food is not seen as part of nourishment for our bodies anymore and according to society food can be classified either as good or bad depending on what the latest diet and the influence we receive from the experts on the subject opinions. Society talks about food as if the only reason for people to eat is to become obese, and they say that if you eat too much, you are in the risk of being fat. â€Å"Being fat is one of those illnesses that people do not want to have.† Even although some of th e risks of being fatShow MoreRelatedEssay on Public School Health Care558 Words   |  3 Pagesoffers several different types of health care services to students concerning issues that are a problem in 21st century schools. Two of the top concerns in public school health care concern the on topics of reproduction and obesity. 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In Radley Balkos essay What You Eat Is Your Business and in David Zinczenkos essay Dont Blame the Eater, the main ideas that are presented both reflect upon obesity and personal responsibility. TheRead MoreThe Consequences Of Fast Food Industry1469 Words   |  6 Pagesinfluence of the fast food industry. Drastically ¬ forcing our generation, to transform our lifestyle in order to fully adapt the social, health and economical state we live in. Our family structures have evolved forcefully, as the demand of easy, efficient, manageable meals are now within a reach of a hand. This sets the foundation of the fast developing industry. Maximizing their profits to the extent of risking the innocent delicate lives, as we ingest the dirty, artificial food, we a re the ones responsibleRead MoreFast Food : An Staple Of American Culture894 Words   |  4 Pages Jessica Seraphin Professor Benham English 2 20 January 2016 Fast Food in School Cafeterias Fast food has become a significant staple of American culture and has increased dramatically over the past three decades. In the most recent years, fast food chain’s growth has skyrocket. An industry that begun as a simple hot dog and burger stand has spread to any location paying customers can be spotted. Having a healthy diet have long term benefits such as weight loss, better sleep patternRead MoreIs Child Obesity Child Abuse?892 Words   |  4 Pages Is Child Obesity Child Abuse? The rate of childhood obesity has become a progressive problem. According to A. Jansen, Mulkens, and E. 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On one h and, Maxfield argues against the Health Professor Michael Pollan, who proposes an idea to reduce the problemRead MoreObesity Is A Global Problem1150 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a global problem. The results from population-based studies pooled across countries show an increase in the mean Body Mass Index (BMI) and prevalence of obesity between 1975 and 2014, with a higher increase in women (21.7kg/m2 to 24.2kg/m2 for men and 22.1kg/m2 to 24.4kg/m2 for women). Within the same period, there was also a corresponding increase in life expectancy (59 to 71 years). In the general sense, the increase in BMI and prevalence of obesity should correspond to a decrease inRead MoreHow Do Television Advertisements Affect People s Food Choices And Its Significance1415 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s food choices and its significance in relation to childhood obesity? 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Psychology of a Tattoo - 2298 Words

Gaddiel R. Martinez Social Psychology Dr. Farber February 23, 2010 Introduction In this paper, the psychology of Tattoos will be the topic. You will read about the Origin, the process of getting a Tattoo, and the psychological effect on people who get them. You will also read about the people who do not participate in this art and their reaction to those who do. As I did my research I found that getting a Tattoo can be a beautiful experience in your life, while it can also be a label that will mark you forever. They say Beauty is in the eye of the beholder, this specially applies to this case. While some people have pictures of things, moments or people that they wish to never forget, some other people just wear them on†¦show more content†¦Tattoos where so popular then, that a professional tattoo artist was brought on board to try and tattoo all the men on the ship. Samuel OReilly (who was a successful New York tattoo artist and the inventor of the modern rotary tattoo machine) said: A Sailor without a Tattoo Is like a Ship without G rog: Unseaworthy. Most of the tattoos were still done by natives on sailors and slowly the native tribal motives were mixed with the European designs. Things that were part of the southern seas, where they got their tattoos done, like Palm Trees, Exotic Birds, Ships, Anchors, Pin-Ups or Light Houses were mostly done at first. Maritime designs which had a big symbolic meaning for each and every carrier. The designs showed a close connection to the sailor’s homeland, the people who lived there and were also carried as good luck charms. Nowadays those kinds of designs and images fall in the category of Traditional Tattoos. After Captain Cook arrived in the islands in the late 1700s, missionaries were soon to follow. They denounced tattoo as the Devils art, and acted swiftly to abolish tattoos, which was condemned as a symbol of superstition and sorcery. The sophisticated body art form which had developed over thousands of years was nearly destroyed in just a few decades, preserved only in old paintings and photographs. . A lot of sailors learned the abilities of theShow MoreRelated`` On Teenagers And Tattoos `` By Andres Martin Essay1515 Words   |  7 Pagesexample, tattoos. Tattoos are fairly controversial at younger ages, but are growing more and more popular amongst adolescents with the introduction and glorification of such body art by varying media, such as celebrities. Teenagers are exploring the realm of body modifications at ever increasing rate, but contradictory to common opinion, tattoos are a great candidate for an emotional catalyst, source of stability in a time of need, or reminders of time long far gone. â€Å"On Teenagers and Tattoos† is anRead MoreTattoo Taboo : Tattoos And Tattoos1411 Words   |  6 PagesFour: Argument 22 April 2017 Tattoo Taboo Tattoos have been around for centuries, and were once used to identify various tribes, indicate social status, or sometimes they were a rite of passage to adulthood. As time passed to a more modern world, people donning tattoos were assumed to be either convicts, gang members, rock musicians, or rebellions of society and most were deemed of unsavory character. Now, with over 45 million American adults having at least one tattoo, the taboos have all but disappearedRead MoreThe Addictive Draw to Tattoos Essay1508 Words   |  7 PagesTattoos have become more prevalent in our society over the last few decades. What used to be a social faux pa or a negative brand has come to be a more acceptable life choice in our culture. However, only those who have joined the inked-up club can describe the sensation of modifying one’s body with art. From the pain and tantric feeling from the stinging that is released as a person allows themselves to be marked for the rest of their life, and t he hot pierce of the needle that gives a sensationRead MoreThe Behavioral Perspective Of Psychology1490 Words   |  6 Pages Martinez 1 Julian Martinez Professor Roger Copeland Psychology 2301 29 August 2014 Psychology Perspectives The behavioral perspective of psychology is focused on explaining why people react the way they do to specific situations and environments. People will tend to act differently according to the environment they happen to be in, and they will most likely act in a way where the most benefit will be attained. If a reward is given every time a certain action is made, people willRead MoreParkers Back And A Rose For Emily Analysis1245 Words   |  5 Pages Faulkner’s â€Å"A Rose For Emily† employs a first person point of view. In â€Å"Parker’s Back,† the third-person limited narrative allows the author to take an objective, analytical view of Parker that allows the reader to understand the protagonist’s psychology; in â€Å"A Rose For Emily,† the reader’s knowledge of Miss Emily is filtered through the first-person narrator’s potential subjectivity and unreliability. The point of view in â€Å"Parker’s Back† is third person limited, rather than third personRead MoreTattoos Are A Symbol Of Sexual And Bodily Freedom1447 Words   |  6 Pagessocieties. However, there has been an increase in this type of body art in Western society over the last century, regardless of its savage-like connotations. Tattoos are viewed by many women as a symbol of control over their bodies, which challenges their historically rooted dependence on men. In this paper, I will argue that although tattoos are a symbol of sexual and bodily freedom for many women, men often interpret this symbolism to mean not simply that women have freedom to make decisions aboutRead MoreWhat Does Morality Have On Do With Tattoos?1695 Words   |  7 PagesWith Tattoos? Coca Cola (2015) did an experiment/ advertisement called, Remove labels this Ramadan, where six people sat in a pitch-black room and engaged in conversation. They each went around the table and described something unique about themselves. One man said he is in a heavy-metal band, the group then depicted what they envisioned him to look like, describing him to have long hair and possible piercings. 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However the art of tattooing has seen a steady growth of its popularity and acceptance, and since the early 1990s, that growth has accelerated dramatically (Caplan, 2000; Cash, 2011; DeMello, 2000; Swami, 2011). The current estimated incidence of tattooing amongst the populations ofRead MoreA Research Study On Psychology899 Words   |  4 Pagesdata may also be collected from a case study. It is not uncommon to find the application of a case study in Psychology for research. Renowned psychologists, such as Sigmund Freud, applied case studies in their psychological research. Examples of Freud’s famous case studies are The Rat Man and Little Hans, which he both carried out in 1909. Today, students of psychiatry and abnormal psychology are encouraged to employ case study in their development of clear insights about a certain mental disorder

Effective Business Communication Skills

Question: Discuss about the Effective Business Communication Skills. Answer: Introduction This assignment is about developing effective business communication skills. Purpose of this assignment is to engage in a reflective practice using different types of diagnostic tools and feedback. These tools are like communication style questionnaires, Johari Window and Assertiveness questionnaires. These tools help me to analyze my own communication styles across different areas like non-verbal, active listening, assertiveness perception and verbal communication. In this assignment, the findings of these tools were provided along with two major communication issues identified that required development. Self-reflection on communication skills In order to analyze my own communication skills, I have used 5 diagnostics tools related with communication. They are such as Johari Window, EQ self assessment check list, Communications Style Questionnaire, Assertiveness Questionnairesand Quinn Management Test. Dragojevic and Giles (2014) stated that Johrai Window test can help me to find out the connection individual and others. After going through Johari Window test, I have analyzed that, I belong to open arena. I always try to gather adequate knowledge about people associate with me or living with me. I provide the Johari window Chart and graph below to demonstrate my communication skills. Figure 1: Chart for my Johari window analysis (Source: Created by author) Figure 2: Johrai window graph (Source: Created by author) I have marked my score on the top line of the graph for solicits Feedback. Then I have drawn vertical line downward. On the left line of the graph below, I have marked my score for willingness to self-disclose/ Gives Feedback. Then I have drawn a line across horizontally from left to right. I have copied my point values from the questionnaires and added up the total points for every column. I am providing my Johari Window score in the table below. Figure 3: My Johari Window Test Score (Source: Created by author) My Johari Window graph is the example of established team member. I achieved this with the help of the process of asking for and by receiving feedback. The unknown area is reduced with the help of self discovery or with the help of mutual enlightenment. I always strive to uncover my unknown areas with the help of self actualization in accordance with Maslows need of Hierarchy. I have also analyzed EQ self assessment check list to analyze my communication style in terms of self awareness, empathy, self-confidence, motivation, self-control and social competency. From this analysis, it has been found that I have scored relatively high in areas such as self-awareness (21), self confidence (21), empathy (21) and self control (25). However, I have scored relatively low in aspects such as social competency (17) and motivation (18). Active listening: I always try to provide my full attention on another person when I listen to him or her. For this reason, I am respected and like by others, even they dont agree with me. Assertiveness: I am clear about my values and goals. I express my views thoughtfully and honestly. In addition, I can effectively persuade others so that they can adopt my point of view without concerning them. Direct and indirect Communication: However, I have analyzed that I have some issues related with showing empathy. While interacting with people coming from another culture, I am not able to show my feeling appropriately due to cultural and language barriers. I have used another to tool named as self assessment assertiveness questionnaire. Amati and Hannawa (2014) stated that that this self assessment assertiveness questionnaire can a help a person to analyze a persons behavior or attitude towards others. From this analysis, I come to understand that I have high level of determination towards my work. I can take tough decisions in accordance to the demand of the condition. However, while taking decisions I prefer to take advice from others. I believe that sometimes others can provide better ideas that can help top get competitive advantage in the market place. I have also conducted another test named as Quinn Management Test. Amati and Hannawa (2014) stated that, this test can help me to understand my competences. This test helps to understand how particular things can be implemented in real life so that it can improve my communication capability. This teat helps me to understand my leadership style and managerial styles that I have adopted. I have come to understand the perceptive and opinions of other people can be highly valued by me. I always try to accomplish collective results by gathering others point of view. From this analysis, two major communication issues have been identified in my interaction process. They are such as cross-cultural communication issues and direct and indirect communication issues. Within the past 12 months, I had gone through two professional interactions. One is a face-to-face interview with a Japanese manager and another one is communicating with subordinates coming from different cultures. They are mentioned below: Cross-cultural communication issues After the one-to-one interview with the Japanese manager, I came to understand that I would face some issues while working in multinational organizations due to language barrier. In multinational organizations, various people come to work from different cultural background and different ethnic group (Ihator, 2015). As I belong to Australia, there is a high chance of facing communication problems while interacting with them. I fire that my body language and gesture of interaction might offend them. For instance, in Australia, organizations believe in lesser power distance compare to Japanese company. Japanese people believe in hierarchy within their organizations. Hence, it can affect my interaction with these people. For instance, in Australia we prefer to acknowledge our subordinates and colleagues by their name. However this gesture can offend people coming from other culture. In addition, they can have different perception about my point of view, which can create confusions. Hence , in order to work and survive in multinational and multicultural organizations, I have to enhance my cross-cultural communication skills. In order to do that, I have to take behavioral training and communication trainings. I have to learn different languages, read different books and newspapers to learn different cultures. Direct and indirect communication issues While working with multicultural teams, I had analyzed that I was facing communicational issues while interacting with my collages, which came from different cultures. In Australia, we believe in using more direct approach, while interacting with others. Amati and Hannawa (2014) stated that in direct approach, the meaning is seemingly obvious. However, people belong to other cultures such as Indian culture and Chinese culture; have the tendency to use more discrete approach to reveal their message or point of view. Using both Western and non-western culture can create confusion in the communication process. For instance, during the team meeting, I asked my team members which option is more efficient; option X or option Y. Some of my colleagues get offended due to this reason. They prefer more indirect approach of speaking. Hence, in order to develop effective communication within the team I have to learn indirect approach of communication. 3. Literature review Cross cultural communication Danziger (2013) stated that cross cultural communication is the study of how people belong to different cultures interact with each other. It has been found that cross cultural communication is imperative for an organization that has diverse workforce. Arnold and Boggs (2015) stated that cross cultural communication has become strategically significant for organizations due to growth of internet, technology and global business. This type of communication is essential in business as it helps to understand how people from different cultural background communicate and perceive word around them. Pekerti and Thomas (2015) mentioned that cross cultural communication deals with various business customs, beliefs and strategies of communication. It has been found that there are some major factors that affect cross cultural communication. They are such as nonverbal differences, high-context vs. low-context cultures and power distance. All these points have been discussed below: Nonverbal differences Neuliep (2014) stated that eye contact and gestures are two major areas of nonverbal communication that are utilized differently across cultures. Companies have to train their employees in appropriate way to handle non-verbal communications, so that it cannot offend other cultures. For example, American workers tend to wave their hands and use fingers to point out something. However, these types of gestures are considered rude in some cultures. For example, in Japan, a person should never use finer to point towards another person, as the gestures are considered rude in this country. Eye contact is also another type of nonverbal communication. Danziger (2013) stated that, in America, eye contact is considered as a positive thing and considered as a reflection of straightforwardness and honesty. However, Brannen et al., (2014) argued that, it is not true is Middle Eastern and Asian cultures. In these countries prolonged eye contact is considered as aggressive and rude in various conditions. Arnold and Boggs (2015) stated that women need to avoid eye contact all together due to lingering eye contact is viewed as the indication of sexual interest. High-context vs. low-context cultures Pekerti and Thomas (2015) mentioned that the concept of low and high context culture is related with how an employee feels, thinks, opines and upbringing can influence how he or she acts within given culture. For instance, Western Europe and North America are generally considered as low context cultures. It means people form these countries tend to take their decisions depending on facts only (Myers et al., 2014). It has been found that these types of people have issues related with trust. On the other hand, in high context cultures, trust is the most significant part of a business deal. Areas like Asia, Africa and Middle East can be considered as high context cultures. According to OSullivan and Carr (2017), companies having high context cultures are generally collectivists in nature. They mainly focus on interpersonal relationships. It has been analyzed that individuals form high end cultures are interested to know the individual with whom they are conducting business. Harzing and Pudelko (2014) mentioned that these types of individuals are more concerned about group performance and success of a team rather than individual performances. Power distance Myers et al. (2014) stated that power distance is how power is distributed within a company. For example, American organizations believe in low power distance. They have more informal hierarchies that can allow better interaction among executives and their subordinates. Asante et al. (2013) stated that, in these organizations managers ask for feedback from employees. It has been found that companies with high power distance are typically very hierarchical in nature. Companies of Asian countries like India and Pakistan believe in high power distance. Baxter and Norwood (2015) mentioned that, in these countries, subordinates expected to have answer of all their queries from their higher authority. While these two types of organizations working collaboratively, the higher management has to take care of the power distance issues. Direct and indirect communication Some of the conflicts in multinational companies are rooted in different communication style. Ihator (2015) stated that analyzing the difference between direct and indirect has been found important to survive in multinational organizations. According to Berwick and Chomsky (2015), people who use direct communication style are not aware of the expectation for communication. They are often not able to realize their style can be viewed as abrasive and even threatening to others. Indirect communication style Harzing and Pudelko (2014) mentioned that indirectness is basic element of human communication. Every person uses indirect communication style in specific conditions. In this communication strategy people has to understand that meaning of others beyond words they use (Bochner, 2013). Indirectness is the element that can vary the most of the time from one culture to another. OSullivan and Carr (2017) mentioned that understanding the differences between indirect and direct communication can enhance the organizational performances as well. These differences are mentioned below: The difference between indirect and indirect communication Neuliep (2014) mentioned that people who use direct communication have the tendency to say what they think. They primarily use their words to convey their messages. Overall purpose of direct communication is getting or providing information. Ihator (2015) mentioned that this type of communication is common in low context cultures such as American culture and Australian culture. People belong these cultures have the tendency to emphasize on individualism, self-reliance and independent. For this reason, they do not have the capability to know the context in which communication takes place. Lane (2016) mentioned that in the direct communication approach speakers are only responsible for appropriate communication. On the other hand, it has been found that indirect communication is commonly found in high-context cultures. In this style of communication, words are not only the medium to represent the point of view. Different no-verbal communication strategies such as tone of voice, body languages, silence and pauses can be used to depict the actual meaning in an indirect communication strategy. Brannen et al. (2014) opined that the overriding aim of indirect communication is to maintain harmony and saving face. It has been found that people who use indirect communication have the tendency to avoid tension, conflict and uncomfortable conditions. In high context culture, people are relatively tended to emphasize on interdependence and social relationships. Hybels (2014) argued that in countries like United States criticism related with indirect communication very common. Most of the American believes that direct communication strategy is logical and related with power. They believe that indirectness is the reflection of subservience and dishonesty (Ihator, 2015). They consider indirect communication is the sign of dishonesty. On the other hand people belong to high context culture perceive indirect direct communication as aggressive and rude. Direct communication can lead to damaged reputation, interpersonal tension, poor performance and other problems. Dragojevic and Giles (2014) mentioned that direct communicators are not able understand how indirect communication system works and they also dont understand what they are missing. In this context, Lane (2016) mentioned that is almost virtually impossible for direct communicators to understand the complexity of indirect communication until they immersed in it. Brannen et al. (2014) stat ed that direct communicators have the often miss the subtitles and nuances. For instance, they are not able to understand how criticism can be expressed. Suggestion for direct and indirect communicators Dragojevic and Giles (2014) had pointed out that mutual respect and flexibility are the key to deal with the differences of communication styles. Hybels (2014) provided some specific suggestions for the direct communicators while communicating with indirect communicators. They are such as: Direct communicators have to avoid using blunt comments while developing an interaction. They have to understand that avoiding direct insult is more important than providing honest feedback. They have to pay attention to non-verbal behaviors. Especially, they need to understand the discrepancy of words and nonverbal behaviors. Direct communicators have to use non-leading and more open ended questions to develop proper interaction with indirect communicators. Direct communicators have to realize that their subtle messages are not perceived in way that they have expected Action plan After analyzing my communicational issues related with cross-cultural communication and direct and indirect communication, I have develop two action plans in order to solve these issues. I have developed a time limit of 6 months in order to solve my communicational issues and developed action plan accordingly. They are discussed in the form of SMART objectives. They are motioned below: Improving my cross cultural communication skills Factors Analysis S- Specific It required to remove the problems associated with cross cultural communication while developing interaction with others. In order to enhance my cross cultural communication, I have attended different language courses. I also need to attain communicational and behavioral trainings. Before communicating with people coming from different background, I have to think before telling anything to them. I have to respect them and continue to learn from my personal experiences. I have to read books, newspapers and journal articles from of different languages in order to gain adequate knowledge about their way of thinking, values and beliefs. M- Measurable Improvement of my communication style can be measured easily with the help of my individual performance and team performance. If I am able to improve my cross cultural communication skills then I will be able to develop effective interaction within my team. It will in term improve my individual performance and as well as organizational performance. A- Achievable This self improvement goal can be achieved if I paid proper attention to it. I need to apply my listening and observation skill so that cross cultural barriers can be decreased. R- Relevant As, I had already face cultural barriers during the face-to-face interview with Japanese manager and while interacting with team members coming from different cultural backgrounds, it can be mentioned that cross-cultural communication is a relevant issue and I need to improve that. T- Timely Within the next six months, I think I would be able to improve my cross-cultural communication skills by attaining communicational and behavioral trainings. For instance, I will take two language courses like Japanese and Spanish for the first four months. Then I will take a short behavioral training for one month. In the last month, I will implement the lesson learned from these trainings in real life situation to measure whether my cross-cultural communication skills are improved or not. My mentor will help me in this case scenario. Action Plan Table Activities Time required I will take two language courses to learn Japanese and Spanish. 4 months I will undertake advanced postgraduate communication course at CQU. 1 month I will implement the lesson learned from these trainings in real life situation to measure whether my cross-cultural communication skills are improved or not. My mentor will help me to make corrections. 1 month Improving my gesture and behavioral skills Factors Analysis S- Specific I have come to understand that dignity and mutual respect and dignity are the two most important things while communicating with others. Hence, I have decided some specific objectives for myself: I have to understand that avoiding direct insult is more important than providing honest feedback. I have to pay attention to non-verbal behaviors. Especially, they need to understand the discrepancy of words and nonverbal behaviors. I have to use non-leading and more open ended questions to develop proper interaction with indirect communicators. I have to realize that their subtle messages are not perceived in way that they have expected M- Measurable If I am able to survive in an multinational organization of Japan or in Asian region, then I will think that my behavioral skills are improved A- Achievable With the help of appropriate observation skills, I will be able to achieve this target. R- Relevant As indirect communication, skill is highly dependent on body gestures and behavior, this goal is highly relevant. T- Timely This goal can be achieved within the next 6 months if I implement my observation skills to improve my body gesture and behavior towards other. For the first 3 months, I will observe other leaders or managers how they behave and make gestures to interact with people from different cultures and take notes. In the next two months, I will read books and journals related with behavioral skills like Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Skills Workbook. Finally, in the last month, I will try to implement all my gathered knowledge about behavioral skills and body gestures in my work. Hence, I think 6 months is sufficient time for this plan. Action Plan Table Activities Time required I will observe other leaders or managers how they behave and make gestures to interact with people from different cultures and take notes. 3 months I will read books and journals related with behavioral skills like Dialectical Behavior Therapy Workbook and Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Skills Workbook. 2 months I will try to implement all my gathered knowledge about behavioral skills and body gestures in my work. 1 month Conclusion I have analyzed my communication skills with the help of 5 major diagnostic tools. From these tests, I have analyzed that I have two major communicational issues like direct and indirect communication and cross-cultural communication. I have provided two interaction cases, in which I had to face these issues. I have reviewed all the relevant literatures related with these communication issues. In addition, I have developed an appropriate development plan to improve my communication skills. References Amati, R., Hannawa, A. F. (2014). Relational dialectics theory: Disentangling physician-perceived tensions of end-of-life communication.Health communication,29(10), 962-973. Arnold, E. C., Boggs, K. U. (2015).Interpersonal relationships: Professional communication skills for nurses. Elsevier Health Sciences. Asante, M. K., Miike, Y., Yin, J. (2013).The global intercultural communication reader. Routledge. Baxter, L. A., Norwood, K. M. (2015).Relational dialectics theory. John Wiley Sons, Inc.. Berwick, R. C., Chomsky, N. (2015).Why only us: Language and evolution. MIT press. Bochner, S. (Ed.). (2013).Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction(Vol. 1). Elsevier. Brannen, M. Y., Piekkari, R., Tietze, S. (2014). The multifaceted role of language in international business: Unpacking the forms, functions and features of a critical challenge to MNC theory and performance.Journal of International Business Studies,45(5), 495-507. Danziger, K. (2013).Interpersonal Communication: Pergamon General Psychology Series(Vol. 53). Elsevier. Dragojevic, M., Giles, H. (2014). Language and interpersonal communication: Their intergroup dynamics.Handbook of interpersonal communication, 29-51. Harzing, A. W., Pudelko, M. (2014). Hablas vielleicht un peu la mia language? A comprehensive overview of the role of language differences in headquarterssubsidiary communication.The International Journal of Human Resource Management,25(5), 696-717. Hybels, S. (2014).Communicating effectively. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Ihator, A. S. (2015). Communication style in the information age.Corporate Communications: An International Journal,6(4), 199-204. Lane, S. D. (2016).Interpersonal communication: Competence and contexts. Routledge. Myers, S. A., Goodboy, A. K., Members. (2014). College student learning, motivation, and satisfaction as a function of effective instructor communication behaviors.Southern Communication Journal,79(1), 14-26. Neuliep, J. W. (2014).Intercultural communication: A contextual approach. Sage Publications. OSullivan, P. B., Carr, C. T. (2017). Masspersonal communication: A model bridging the mass-interpersonal divide.New Media Society, 1461444816686104. Pekerti, A. A., Thomas, D. C. (2015). The role of self-concept in cross-cultural communication.International Journal of Cross Cultural Management,15(2), 167-193.

Should Human Cloning Be Permitted Essays - Cloning,

Should Human Cloning Be Permitted? Should Human Cloning Be Permitted? For years, part of the American public, and humans in general, have been fascinated with the possibility of creating human life by other than natural means. There are many that strongly disagree with the idea of human cloning. It certainly wasn't surprising when they were able to clone a sheep or a pig, and will not be surprising if someday scientists will be able to clone a human being. Should cloning for human benefits or even human cloning itself be allowed in society today? That is a question we must ask ourselves. On one side of the issue are those who believe that human cloning should be permitted. One thing that shows this is what human cloning research may bring. Those who opposed to a ban believe that human cloning research could bring substantial benefits, including the development of new treatments for cystic fibrosis, other diseases and the ability to create an animal with normal compatible organs for transplant. (1.Should Congress Prohi bit All Human Cloning Experimentation? Pg. 34). From my opinion, I believe that human cloning is just a huge step towards negativism in human lives, rather than simply being the next step in fertility technology. There might be a possibility that human cloning research may result in the discovery of a cure for diseases and the growing of human organs, but the disadvantages are that many years as well as money may be need it. Also several experts told the committee that cloning might be the only chance for many infertile couples to have their own genetically related children. (2.Gorman, Pg. 66) For what I see these cases are rarely seen, and the little amount of couples that suffer of infertility are more likely to adopt a child. Infertility is not the cause. This is not the main reason why scientists are coming up with the idea of human cloning. What I believe is that scientists are just making propaganda in order to make the public to get on their side. Another reason is, what could happen if cloning is banned? What about consequences of banning a technology? Death, disease, disability, indignity, on happiness, and blighted life's that would result from imposing limits on cloning discoveries and advances. (3.Bailey, Pg. 66) What might possibly happen if cloning is banned, scientist's as well as experts believe that efforts to ban cloning could drastically stop the creation of new medicines that would help millions of people? Cloning might be a discovery for scientists to duplicate human lives. However, I certainly don't believe that this discovery would go further than saving lives, simply for the cost and waste of time. Furthermore, President Clinton took two swift steps: he called for moratorium on the use of federal funds for human cloning research and he asked his national bio-ethics advisory commission to let him know within 90 days whether the new technology should be even more tightly controlled. (4.Gorman, Pg. 66) In my opinion, I state that, no matter who pays for it or for what reason is done, cloning should be made a criminal offense in the U.S. The President does not have the right to spend federal funds in a research that most likely would be denied by congress; in addition it is also a waste of time and money. Cloning would not be cheap. More likely, the cost of genetic treatments will increase substantially, and the rich will be the only ones to take advantage of the new medical treatment. (5.Bailey, Pg. 66.) Realistic technology will be more advanced in the future and robots might even have replaced peoples' jobs. However, In the future this treatment is going to be more advanced, and the rich will take advantage of the new technologies, so their children will be smarter and free of diseases. Meanwhile, the poor will suffer of diseases and lack of learning. Moreover, the supporters for human cloning argue that human cloning should be allowed, as the research may have to potential to eliminate many of the world's problems such as animal extinction and can also benefit mankind in many ways. (6.'Should Human Cloning Be Allowed? Pg 1). It has been said

Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward Essay Example For Students

Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward Essay English 1302December 3, 2003The bond between a mother and her child is one that cannot be severed. From the moment that the child is conceived, and the mother begins tocarry the baby, there is a special bond. During the course of nine monthswhich the mother carries the child in her womb, the child is completelydependent on her. There is nothing that anyone can say or do that can takethis away. In Anne Sextons, Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward, Sextonwrites of a woman who has given birth, and is now having to give her childup for adoption. The mother speaks to her newborn child about her beingseparated from the baby, and the emotions that follow. Sextons workexplains the emotional roller coaster that a mother can experience whenbeing separated from her child. We will write a custom essay on Unknown Girl in the Maternity Ward specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Mother speaks to the newborn as she is becoming familiar withhim/her. She realizes that in a short amount of time the baby will nolonger be hers. Sexton has written this work in the first person point ofview. This is made apparent when the poem begins when the mother isspeaking to her child by using the word child in the first stanza. Thispoem follows no set rhyme scheme and is written in open form. In the firststanza, Sexton is describing the child by using similes. Lie, fisted likea snail, (Sexton 3) she is describing her child as she shares the bond ofbreastfeeding her child. Your lips are animals, (Sexton 4) describes thechilds hunger, and how the baby latches to the mothers breast. Shespeaks of having to give up her child and the bond that will soon bebroken. There is no worse feeling than having a child, and on the birthcertificate having to put nothing where the fathers name belongs. Peopletend to form their own conclusions, and in some cases, a mother can donothing about this. As the mother continues to ponder the loss that she isenduring; The doctors are enamel, (Sexton 17). This describes thestiff, cold attitude that the doctors have towards the mother. They haveno answers about the childs father, and are left to assume the worst;going the way men go, and leave you full of child, (Sexton 19-20). Doctors require pertinent information concerning the childs father when achild is born. This information is for medical purposes, records, etc. The mother continues to keep this answer to herself, and the doctors areforced to leave the information blank. Sexton refers to a father who isvery unstable, and is not sure what he requires out of life; she describeshim as; Some pendulum soul, (Sexton 20). Mother speaks to her child as she is lying in waiting for her child tobe taken from her arms; Yours is the only face that I recognize., (Sexton29). The mother feels very alone, and her child is all that she knows. Imagery is used when the mother says; you drink my answers in, (Sexton30). The reader can visualize the child staring at his/her mother withblue stones, as the baby listens intently to everything that is beingsaid. Although the baby does not know, much less understand what is beingsaid, the mother has no one else, and turns to her child for comfort. One of the more powerful similes; My arms fit you like a sleeve,(Sexton 42-43) describes how she feels that she and the child belongtogether. She knows that she does not want to let the child go, althoughshe also knows that she must do what is best for the child. The motherbegins to regret not telling the doctors the name of the father; It is youmy silence harms, (Sexton 48) yet she still tells the doctors; Name offather none, (Sexton 52). Sexton describes the feelings that a motherexperiences when she is forced to give up her child. Whether it is adecision that she has made for herself or for the childs sake, it is oneof the hardest that she will ever have to make. She knows that she willhurt only her child from the decision that she has made to keep thefathers name a secret; yet she is torn between what is right, and what shefeels that she must do. She chooses to remain silent. .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .postImageUrl , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:hover , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:visited , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:active { border:0!important; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:active , .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4 .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uadbc6716569dacfd19cb8ed69d4339f4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: My First Day on the Job EssayIn the closing stanza, the feelings that the mother has right beforeher child is taken, are described. She has now prepared herself to giveher child up. She has said and done all that she can, and knows that sheis loosing everything and giving up her life; There is nothing more that Ican say or lose, (Sexton 54-55). As her child is being torn from her, sheavoids the childs stare; I tighten to refuse your owling eyes, (Sexton58-59). She knows that in a matter of seconds, the child that she oncecarried will no longer be hers. She also knows that there is nothing thatcan break the bond that she has made with this child. Go child, who is mysin and nothing more, (Sexton 65) and the child is taken form her. This work uses several metaphors and similes to convey the messagethat Sexton is trying to get across. Sexton wants her readers to feel theloss that the mother has gone through. The general subject of this poem isadoption, and Sexton does a very good job portraying this. Sexton uses avery heartbreaking tone in this work, with the use of metaphors and similesto strengthen the emotions of love that are also portrayed in this poem. A small knuckle on my white bed, (Sexton 3) the animal of your lips,(Sexton 32) they are blue stones, they begin to outgrow their moss,(Sexton 34-36) the wild bee farms of your nerves, (Sexton 44-45) andyour owling eyes, (Sexton 58). Sexton uses these metaphors to describethe newborn child and the mothers feelings toward the baby. Sexton haswritten this poem with the understanding of the bond that a mother andchild share. The relationship between a mother and child is veryunpredictable, yet, there is nothing that can come between the ties thatbond them together.

Michael Graves essays

Michael Graves essays Michael Graves, born the summer or 1934 in Indianapolis, knew he wanted to be an artist by the age of six. Encouraged by his mother to seek a more practical career, Graves choose architecture. After studying at the University of Connecticut, he got his master's degree at Harvard University. After finishing school in 1959, he moved to New York City where he worked at the office of George Nelson. While working in New York, Graves received a fellowship to study at American Academy in Rome, Italy. Graves studied the classical architecture, which inspires much of his work. It was his time in Rome that allowed him to make the connection between ancient and modern architecture. In 1962, Graves started teaching architecture at Princeton University. He designed buildings upon commission, but not until 1977 did his work become nationally know. Graves received a commission for a cultural center spanning the Red River on the Minnesota/North Dakota border. Although lack of funding never allowed his design to be built, he gained a lot of attention. Graves' next project, the Portland Building, is a fifteen story postmodernist skyscraper. It can be defined this way because of its unusual use of color. There is also a reference to Greek columns on the facade of the building. As more commissions followed, Graves began his own design studio in Princeton. As a privileged member of the designers at this studio, I can witness the process of Graves' design. His firm is split into teams of designers. There are the interior and architectural designers in one building and the industrial designers in a separate studio. Michael and the team leaders primarily plan each project out. The teams then develop the project. Computer drawings are then sent to the modelers and painters. The atmosphere at the Graves studio is extremely laid back, but professional. For example there are several dogs roaming around the studios, but the conference rooms double as displ...

Property Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Property Management - Assignment Example Having them is an advantage to the company. The company also uses the most effective way s to attract customers and to retain the ones that already exist. Several sales are registered anytime a marketing campaign is rolled out. Competition also exists in the industry. The major competitors are two big foreign companies. They are Glitz Housing Company and Sarajevo Group. The company owns approximately 37% of the market share and the two companies share the remaining percentage. The financial projections of the company are expected to be more promising as compared to the past years. Last year, the company registered a 13.64% increase in profits. This was an improvement of 4.23% on the previous year. The company expects a steady climb in income because the demand for houses is increasing daily. This puts the company at a perfect position to stabilize itself. Introduction Property management exists in the current world than never before. This is because people get busier with the increas e in engagement. This is attributed to the fact that people do diverse jobs, and very few are dependent on a single job. Property management involves several activities with different implications to the company. All these should are carried out with synchrony with the other tasks. This ensures that there is no confusion in the management of the property. Property management for residential homes includes a lot of activities. People tend to give property management firms responsibilities to handle their property because of various reasons. Some people tend to be very busy to appoint that they reassign the management of their properties to companies. Home management is not an easy thing to do as entails a lot. It involves the maintenance of the properties so that they do not get worn out very fast. Residential homes tend to be a harder task to crack because they are occupied on almost fulltime basis. The occupancy can be by the real owners or the people who are left to guard the prem ises. Property management for residential homes gives the company a chance to have a personal touch with the tenants. The tenants play a big role because it is their money that drives the whole industry. The property managers do gain a lot from their jobs. They do get a percentage of the total income in a specific period. This depends on the terms and conditions that exist between the two parties. Property management in homes has some good returns. This is because at some point in time, someone will have to own a house or at least rent one. The property management company does a lot of things to ensure that clients stick to their homes. They also lay down rules on how best they can attract customers to their housing units. The property managers play several other key roles. They draft the budget that they work with for a given period. This includes the expenses and the incomes registered as well. The property managers also ensure that the tenants pay the rent in time. This ensures t hat there are no defaulters. As a result, the company’s income does not reduce in any way. Rent collection is a very crucial part in the management of properties. This is solely because it is the most important source of income. Property management for residential homes revolves around the rent collection of rent. In case there are defaulters, the property managers also ensure that the debt is paid in due time. The property managers ensure that tenants adhere to the set rules and regulation regarding housing. The rules and regulat

Research paper on sustainable fashion Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

On sustainable fashion - Research Paper Example The fashion industry has undergone a tremendous transformation over the years. Global fashion trends are in a continuous change and this has forced the industry to adopt new operational patterns. There is a growing need for high-class fashion products and services globally. Sustainability can be achieved through various means including, application of technology, proper management of human resource, and wise choice of supply chains. The fashion industry has been able to solve many issues associated with obstacles in sustainability and this has made it grow tremendously. This paper addresses the different way the fashion industry can approach in aiming sustainability and meeting the global fashion needs while adhering to the social and environmental laws. There are various issues that arise along the way as the fashion industry strives to attain sustainability. The issues that hamper sustainability in the fashion industry are both internal and external. Internal issues relate to management whereas the external ones arise from the economic trends outside the industry. One of the issues in sustainability in the fashion industry is the poor management of resources and overspending. Success in any business relies on how the resources are managed. The fashion industry faces various challenges in coming upon with a credible framework that can guide it in channeling its resources. The industry is vast and this makes it hard for the owners of fashion companies to come to terms on matters of expenditure. Additionally, the fashion industry has a poor cost control avenue and this translates into overspending. Although the industry boasts huge revenues globally, its income ends up in wasteful spending. Sustainability can be seen in the minimized operational costs and use of environment-friendly forms of energy. The fashion industry is complex and resource management issues arise making it hard to hit the mark of sustainability. One of the major issues arising in

To what extent can ideas from gender theories enrich the understanding Essay

To what extent can ideas from gender theories enrich the understanding of inequality between women and men already developed by feminist economists - Essay Example Feminist economists do not approve methods used by neo-liberal economists in handling macroeconomic issues as they end up widening gender inequalities. Although humans are entitled to equal rights under universal declaration of human rights and states obligated to fulfil those rights, neo-liberal economic policies create a disabling environment for women’s enjoyment of human rights (Elson. 2002). On the other hand, ideas from gender theories can give a better understanding of gender inequalities as they try to give explanations or assumptions regarding the differences that exist between the two sexes. Women are given unequal treatment from men in work places. They are paid low wages even if they perform similar tasks to their male counterparts as they are considered secondary wage earners and men as the bread winners as a result of normative assumption about their roles (Razavi & Hassim, 2006). Employed women still perform their house hold chores after work and hence are overburdened and have no time to relax while men have freedom to manage their time as they don’t engage in caring roles (Epstein, 2006). This contributes to inequalities between men and women. This can be explained by Bem’s approach whereby children learn through socialization or androgyny (Adrameg, 2010). Men are considered superior than women and male experience is the normative standard. According to Bem, boys and girls are treated differently and different opportunities hence learn about gender through repetitive actions. Judith Butler’s performativity theory also present gender as kind o f doing which is repetitive ( 2004). Men hence don’t perform women’s household work as they are not used to doing. Women are rarely involved in decision making especially in state matters. They have the knowledge and skills but are perceived to be irrational and not authoritative or powerful. Feud’s psychoanalytic theory tries to explain why men are superior

Capital Asset Pricing Model importance in financial world

Capital Asset Pricing Model importance in financial world Capital asset pricing model popularly referred to as CAPM has been of great importance in the asset pricing world. There have been wide acceptances as well as strong arguments regarding the validity of the model over the years, with regards to the fundamental assumptions of the model and the practicability of the model (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005). (Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005) The capital asset pricing model provides a yardstick rate of return for appraising possible investments. The standard rate of return is a fair return given the risk involved in the investment. The model also helps us make an educated guess as to the expected return on assets that has not yet been traded in the market place. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005) The CAPM assumes that the security market is large and investors are price takers, there are no taxes or transaction costs, all risky assets are publicly traded, investors can borrow and lend any amount at a fixed risk free rate, all investors analyze securities in the same way and share the same economic view about the world. (Bodie, Kane and Marcus 2005) The organisation of this write-up is as follows a detailed introduction of the capital asset pricing model (CAPM), followed by a literate review of the model which goes into an in-depth analysis of the model as regards to its functions, compatibility and suitability as it relates to asset pricing. Finally, in conclusion a capsulation of the defects, modification and significance of CAPM. J.Balvers, 2001 The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is the most popular model of the determination of expected returns on securities and other financial assets. It is considered to be an asset pricing model since, for a given exogenous expected payoff, the asset price can be backed out once the expected return is determined. Additionally, the expected return derived within the CAPM or any other asset pricing model may be used to discount future cash flows (J. Balvers, 2001.p.35). Furthermore according to Bodie, Kane and Marcus, 2005, described CAPM as a method suitable for determining required rate of return of an asset. The model is considered as an extension of Markowitzs portfolio theory. It is expressed in a linear relationship between the return required on an investment and its systematic risk. As described below: E [Ra] =RF + ÃŽÂ ²a [E (Rm) RF), Where, E [Ra] is expressed as the required return on financial assets. Rf is the risk-free rate of return, E [Rm] is the expected market return and ÃŽÂ ²a is the measure of risk [Beta]. CAPM advocates; investors need to be rewarded in two ways: firstly for the time value of money and secondly risk associated with the security. The first half of the formula represents risk free return (Rf) that compensates the investors for placing money in any investment over a period of time. The other half of the formula represents [ÃŽÂ ² E(Rm Rf)] risk premium for bearing additional risk. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010) A more graphical and pictorial representation of CAPM is expressed in the Security Market Line (SML); the line shows the most efficient risk and return to an investor. It shows the expected rate of return of an individual security as a function of systematic risk (beta). FIGURE 1: THE SECURITY MARKET LINE Y X Source: Balvers,(2001:41) The Y-intercept (beta=0) of the SML is equal to the risk-free interest rate. The slope of the SML is equal to the market risk premium (Â µm -rf) and reflects the risk return trade off at a given time: SML: E(Â µM) = Rf + ÃŽÂ ²i [E(Â µm)-Rf] The risk expected return relationship is called the security market line (SML).The expected return on security equals the risk free rate plus the risk premium. In CAPM the risk is measured as beta times the expected return on the market minus the risk free rate. The risk premium of a security is a function of the risk premium of the market and varies directly with the level of beta, no measure of non-systematic risk appears in the risk premium, as CAPM assumes that diversification has eliminated it. (Mullins 2000.) LITERATURE REVIEW Beta is the standard CAPM measure of systematic risk, one way to think of beta is that it gauges security volatility relative to the market volatility (Mullins, 2000,p.108). Stock whose beta are greater than 1 has a high level of systematic risk and are very sensitive to the market changes, stock with beta less than 1 has a very low level of systematic risk and less sensitive to market changes, stock whose beta is equal to 1 as an average level of systematic risk, rise and falls at the same percentage as the broad market index. (Mullins, 2000) In a freely competitive financial market described by CAPM, no security can sell for long at a price low enough to yield more than its appropriate return on the SML. The security will be very attractive compared with other securities of similar risk and investors would bid its price up until its expected return fell to the appropriate position on the SML. Conversely, investors would sell off any stock, selling at a price high enough to put its expected return below its appropriate position. The resulting reduction in price would continue until the stocks expected return rose to the level defensible by its systematic risk. (Mullins 2000). On the SML the stocks with low beta will lead to a low risk premium. Despite the stocks high level of total risk, the market would price it to yield a low expected return. In practice such counterintuitive examples are rare, most companies with high total risk also have high betas and vice versa. Though according to CAPM the financial market cares only about systematic risk and price securities such that expected return lie along the SML. (Mullins 2000). One of the major purposes of the Capital asset pricing model is the determinant of the institutional demand for common stock. At the most basic level, institutional demand should be a function of the risk-return attributes of individual stocks. (Hanif and Bhatti 2010). It is mostly used by the finance managers and/or investors in finding the risk of the investment and to predict the expected return of the stock (Jagannathan and Wang, 1993). It is also used to find out the cost of capital, Capital budgeting is used by a firm to note profitable and unprofitable projects. A key variable in any capital budgeting procedure is the cost of capital, also referred to as the opportunity cost of the capital necessary to finance the project. The opportunity cost accounts for time preference as measured by the risk free interest rate and risk. It assumes that relevant risk is systematic risk that can be measured based on the (estimated) beta of the project and the anticipated market excess return. A related application is in regulation. In a case, for instance, where the government fixes the price of a particular service provided by a utility, the administered price depends on providing the utility with a fair return on capital. This fair return is often calculated by applying the CAPM to determine the systematic risk of the utilitys activities and thus obtaining the required return (J. BALVERS, 2001). CAPM is also an effective tool for portfolio return evaluation; it is used to find out how a managed portfolio has performed. This is because higher levels of systematic risk in the portfolio imply higher average returns. In practice it is used to adjust for risk and also differentiate abnormal returns from simply excess returns. (J. BALVERS, 2001) Mullins, 2000 states that CAPM as an idealized theory of financial markets is surrounded by some controversies in that the models assumptions are viewed as clearly unrealistic. But the true test of CAPM is naturally evident in how well it works there have been numerous empirical test of CAPM. Most of these have been examined in the past to determine the extent to which stock returns and betas have corresponded in the manner predicted by the security market line. With few exceptions the major empirical bodies in this field have concluded that betas are not fixed through time. This fact creates difficulty when betas estimated from historical data are used to calculate costs of equity in evaluating future cash flows. Beta which is used as a measure of risk appears to be associated to with past returns, due to the close link between total and systematic risk, distinguishing their effects will be difficult. Under CAPM it is believed that Beta should change has both company fundamentals and capital structure changes in reality. It is also argued that beta estimates from the past are subject to statistical estimation error. The estimate of the future risk free rate and the expected return on the market are also subject to error, although quite alot of research has concentrated on developing methods to reduce the possible error (Mullins, 2000). Reality matches what the CAPM foretell as the relationship between beta and past returns is linear. Also the relationship is positively sloped which implies that high returns are associated with high risk and low returns are associated with low risk (J. BALVERS, 2001) CONCLUSION In conclusion despite CAPM shortcomings in measuring the cost of capital and due to its single period model coupled with its inability to reflect all market information (efficient market hypothesis) (Johnson, Spearin Groenewegen 2006). Speaking of the inability of CAPM to fully capture and reflect a real life situation this can be better explained in the role CAPM plays in efficient market hypothesis (EMH). Basically there are three forms of market the strong form of market efficiency (EMH) in which the market prices reflects all available information which includes both the insider information and forecast information on a real time basis making asymmetry information absent. Though this cannot be totally assured in the two remaining forms of EMH the semi-weak and weak form of efficiency do no justice when it comes reflecting all available information present in the market on a timely basis and a more informed investor can outperform both uninformed investor and the market as a whol e (Z.A. Ozidemir 2008). In line with the above statement (Merton 1987) was of the notion that in reality some investors were better more informed than others to the extent that some less informed investors were not aware of the existence of some opportunities in the capital market. Despite this deficiency some investors still used CAPM to measure asymmetry information that was present in the market by modifying it to take care of the heterogeneous information. Which included the measurement of how asymmetry information influences stock prices and cost of capital (Easley and OHara 2004).An in-depth examination of the model proves that the use of CAPM both in theory and in practice cannot be totally discarded in that it has much to say as regards to the way returns are determined in the financial market as compared to other models. Its key advantage is that it quantifies risk and provides a widely applicable, relatively objective routine for translating risk measured into estimates of an expected return coupl ed with modification of the traditional CAPM contain the impact of changes in expected return distribution (Javed, 2000). Finally a major advantage of CAPM is the objective nature of the estimated cost of equity that the model can yield. CAPM cannot be used in isolation because it necessarily simplifies the world of financial markets. But financial managers can use it to supplement other techniques and their own judgement in their attempts to develop realistic and useful cost of equity calculations (Mullins, 2000).

Cells And Cell Theory :: essays research papers

Cells and Cell Theory What advantages does small size give to a cell? Many cellular processes occur by diffusion, which is efficient over short distances, but less efficient over long distances. Since all materials going in and out of a cell must pass through the plasma membrane, the greater the surface area of this membrane, the faster a given quantity of molecules can pass through. Smaller cells have a much greater surface-to-volume ratio than larger cells and therefore can "feed" all areas of the cell in less time. What is "surface-to-volume ratio," and how does it affect cell size? The surface-to-volume ratio is a mathematical relationship between the volume of an object and the amount of surface area it has. This ratio often plays an important role in biological structures. Think of a cell as a sphere: The surface area of a sphere can be calculated by 4Ã ° r2 where r is the radius of the sphere. Volume of a sphere can be calculated by 4/3 Ã ° r3. An increase in r will increase the surface area by a power of two, but increase the volume by a power of three. This means that the volume will increase much faster than the surface area. This puts an upper limit on the size of a cell, because if the cell volume gets too big, there won't be enough membrane to transport the amount of food in and wastes out to support that large cell size. What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Prokaryotic cells are more simple: they are usually much smaller and don't have a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelles. Bacteria are prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells are much more complex, are usually larger, and have a nucleus and several other membrane-bound organelles that allow them to compartmentalize their functions. All multicellular plants and animals are eukaryotes. A helpful trick to remember is that "you" are a "eu"karyote. Are there any single-celled eukaryotes? Yes--yeast, for example. Yeast are single-celled organisms, but they do contain a membrane-bound nucleus, mitochondria, and other organelles. What are the advantages and disadvantages of prokaryotic compared to eukaryotic cells? Although prokaryotes may seem more primitive than eukaryotes, they are among the most successful species on our plant and comprise a very large percentage of the total mass of all living things on earth. Simple, small, and single-celled organisms can reproduce quickly and evolve quickly. Prokaryotes can generate millions of progeny in a short period of time.

12 angry men paper Essay

The movie â€Å"12 Angry Men† is about a murder trial set in the mid 1900’s when the American legal system had very different rules from what it has now. The trial is about a 16 year old boy who supposedly murdered his father late one night in New York City. He was from a slum, with a history of problems with the law, including knife fights. The jury is made up of twelve white men who are supposed to deliberate about the boy’s fate when he is Latino. In the beginning of the movie it’s very clear that eleven of the twelve jurors have already decided that he was guilty, the only one who said not guilty is juror number eight. Juror number eight believes that you can’t send someone to die without even talking about the case first. As the movie goes on they discuss the different parts of the case and one by one the jurors begin to change their vote to not guilty. The first thing they discuss is the knife that was used to kill the father, then they discuss the time it took the only man on the floor below to get to the door after he heard the body hit the floor. After that they went on to deliberate more about previous things talked about, until finally they talked about the women who actually viewed the killing through a passing L train. One of the jurors remembers that she had indents on the sides of her nose indicating that she wore glasses, so they come to the conclusion that she couldn’t of seen anything since she wasn’t wearing her glasses while lying in bed. Once they finally call for a last vote they come to the verdict of acquitting the boy. All twelve jurors finally agree on the decision of not guilty. Throughout the entire movie there are many different dynamics at work among the 12 jurors. One of the main dynamics is that the boy is Hispanic during a time when racism was a natural part of society. You can clearly see that racism, and stereotyping played a huge part when even before they started deliberating eleven out of the twelve jurors voted guilty. There wasn’t a doubt in their minds that he didn’t do it, they based that solely off of the fact that the defendant was Hispanic. Having a all white jury for a trial with a Hispanic person as the defendant in the 1950’s, without a doubt racism will play a major role in deciding weather or not he is guilty. Another dynamic at play during this movie is that they are all in a group together giving them group mentality where they will be hesitant to speak out, or change their vote because they are self conscious of what other people will think about them. Throughout the movie there where many different things that influenced individual jurors and the jurors as a whole. In the movie 12 Angry Men there was an abundance of things that influenced individual jurors. One of the main things that influenced many of the jurors is racism because the defendant was Hispanic. One juror said â€Å"He’s an ignorant kid from a slum who doesn’t speak good English†. That’s flat out racism, there’s no way around the fact that racism played a huge role in their decision making process. In the 1950’s racism was part of everyday life, it was socially accepted during that time. Another thing that influenced one of them was that he had baseball tickets to a game later that night so he was going to side with what ever got him out of their sooner than later. He was voting guilty all the way till it became a split between the jurors on weather he was guilty or not. That shows that it affected his decision making process, because he was going to side with what ever side got him out faster. Another thing that influenced individual jurors is their fear to speak their minds, or side with the side they really think is the right one. In the beginning you could tell that some of the people were hesitant because they were afraid of what other people would think of them, that’s why they had to do a silent ballot in order to keep deliberating. There were other factors that affected the group as a whole in their decision making process. Different things affect the group than the individual jurors. The main thing that affected their decision making process is the extreme heat, the heat would make them want to get out of there as fast as possible, making them side with whatever side will get them out faster. I know I can’t work right when I’m extremely hot, I get frustrated really fast and have no patients, I know I would want to get out as fast as possible. You can tell that it affects people because they snap at each other at the drop of a hat, and they were sweating the whole time till they turned on the light. Another thing that affected the group as whole was groupthink, which is the practice of thinking or making decisions as a group in a way that discourages creativity or individual responsibility. They will make decisions as a group so no one person can be blamed for whatever happens, people don’t like too much responsibility. Lastly another thing that helped sway their decision making process as a group is the fact that one person was trying to pressure other people into speaking, and pressuring them into siding with him. The movie 12 Angry Men was about a trial during the 1950’s in which a Hispanic boy supposedly killed his father, and twelve white men deliberate to determine his fate. They start out 11 to 1, and one by one they change sides till they eventually acquit him of all the charges. Things like racism, baseball tickets, and fear of what other people think are a few things that affected their individual decision-making. Things like groupthink, the heat, and the fact that you would run out of patients at a certain point, and you would start to snap at each other at the drop of the hat. In my opinion I think this movie was really good and a good look into the American legal system, because it shows the changes that have been made from them to now. 12 Angry Men Paper Essay â€Å"If there’s a reasonable doubt in your minds as to the guilt of the accused, a reasonable doubt, then you must bring me a verdict of not guilty†¦however you decide, your verdict must be unanimous.† The movie, The Twelve Angry Men, was a fascinating movie. Surprisingly, it was very interesting and engaging even though it was in black and white and made in 1950. This movie was a perfect demonstration of how individuals who meet in a goal orientated group fulfill roles, create norms, have status, acquire power, and become leaders, and how a group decides on a unanimous outcome. Each of the twelve jury members fulfilled a role at some point within the movie. They fulfilled task roles, maintenance roles, and self-centered roles. They had to learn to work together despite the roles they played to come to a unanimous decision. The Forman (Juror #1) fulfilled one group maintenance role (tension reliever) and two group task roles (procedural technician and initiator). As a tension reliever, the Forman told Cobb to calm down when Cobb started on his rant. He often tried to relieve tension in situations with conflict. As a procedural technician, Forman emphasized teamwork by asking the group to vote a couple of times in a couple different ways, vocal ballots and silent ballots. This helped the group stay on track. He also ran errands for the group, like retrieving the knife and the apartment blueprint. As an initiator, the Forman initiated the discussions after the jurors would break in the beginning of the movie. Whimpy (juror #2) fulfilled a group maintenance role as a supporter. Once Whimpy changed his vote to not guilty, he supported Fonda’s ideas. When Fonda was conversing with Cobb about the glasses, Whimpy supported Fonda’s point of view and told Cobb, â€Å"You can’t send someone off to die on evidence like that!† Lee J. Cobb (juror #3) played three individual roles (blocker, dominator, and confessor) and one group task role (opinion giver). Cobb played the role of the blocker most often. From the beginning to the end of the movie, he disagreed and ignored any of the jurors’ statements that are different from his opinion. At one point, Cobb shut down Whimpy who wanted to speak up. As a dominator, Cobb belligerently yelled at anyone who voted non guilty. He often started on a rant of his opinions and refused to let any of the other jurors s peak. Cobb played the role as a confessor towards the beginning of the movie when he shared the picture of his son. As an opinion Giver, Cobb said over and over that he was positive the boy was guilty and deserved the death penalty. He  repeatedly stated through out the movie, â€Å"he (the boy) has to pay for what he did.† E. G. Marshall (juror #4) played a group task role. As an opinion giver, Marshall was loyal to his vote. His opinion towards the end of the movie was still not guilty because of the eyewitness testimony from the women across the street. He was firm in this belief until the eyeglasses fact was brought up. Jack Klugman (juror #5) fulfilled a group task role. As an elaborator, he often compared and contrasted the case to his own life on the street. Specifically, he brought valuable information to the case when talking about the proper way to use a switch knife and how this information compared to the father’s stab wound. The painter (juror #6) was an information seeker, a group task role. It seemed as if the painter was unsure of where he stood for the majority of the movie. At one point he said to Fonda, â€Å"Supposin’ you talk us all out of this and, uh, the kid really did knife his father.† He was seeking information that would make him sure of his decision. Jack Warden (juror #7) played a group-building and maintenance role (follower) and an individual role (Joker). He wanted the jurors to reach a conclusion as soon as possible. He had tickets to see a baseball game, and did not want to miss it. He followed and switched his vote to whatever the popular vote was, so that he could leave as soon as possible to get to the baseball game. As a joker, he said nothing that contributed to making a decision. He mostly joked or complained that the process was taking too long. Henry Fonda (juror #8) fulfilled many group task roles in this film including informational seeker, informational giver, and initiator. As an informational seeker, Fonda asked for important facts that could help convince the jurors that it was possible the boy was not guilty. For example, when the elderly man pointed out that the witness had dents on the sides of her nose, Fonda asked for an explanation and clarification on what the elderly man meant by pointing this out. As an informational giver, Fonda demonstrated this role when he reenacted how long it would take the crippled old man to get across his bedroom, down the hall to unlock the door, and to see the boy run down the stairs. As the initiator, Fonda proposed new ideas and suggestions that there was a possibility that the boy was not guilty. He was the first person to suggest that the boy was not guilty. He initiated most of the conversations that lead to their verdict of not guilty. The elderly man (juror #9) fulfilled a group task role and a group-building and  maintenance role. As an information giver, the elderly man was the one to notice that the witness had notches on the side of her nose where typically eyeglasses usually sit. He was the one to point this out to the group. As an encourager, the elderly man was the first to understand and accept the not guilty vote that Fonda made. He agreed with Fonda’s ideas and suggestions that there is reasonable doubt that the boy may not be guilty. Archie (juror #10) played an individual role of special-interest pleader. At the end of the film, Archie had a melt down. He yelled and offended many of the jurors with his unnecessary crude insults and racist remarks. He was trying to sway the group based on his own personal biased opinions instead of the facts of the case. The watchmaker (juror #11) fulfilled one group task role as a recorder. At one point in the movie, the watch maker stood up and told the group that he had been listening and taking notes of what the other group members have been saying. Slick (juror #12) played a group building and maintenance role as a follower. He did not speak up much about the case. When he did speak, it was about his ad agency. He thought very highly of himself and his job. He changed his vote back and forth several times. Additionally to roles, there were many social norms that developed through out this movie. All of them were violated by at least one person at some point. Sometimes, the jurors who violated the norms were punished and other times they were not. The first social norm that was created was to vote guilty. Fonda was the first to violate this norm by voting not guilty. Eventually the rest of the group slowly changes their vote, and the group created a new norm of voting not guilty instead of guilty. Another social norm that was created by the legal system was that the jurors’ decision had to be unanimous. Fonda violated this norm by voting against the group. As punishment for violating the norm, the group verbally attacked him before they gave him a chance to explain his reasoning. Because of this, a norm developed that it was okay for the jurors to harass and belittle Fonda for his not guilty vote. The elderly man violated this norm. He was subjected to harassment and belittlement as well as his punishment. After time went on, more people started to agree with Fondaâ₠¬â„¢s ideas, and the group did not follow this norm any more. An additional social norm was to make a decision based on facts, not prejudice or stereotypes. Those who obeyed the norm, like Fonda and Marshall, were looked to as leaders. The juror that made  arguments based on stereotypes, Archie, was eventually ignored. From this, a norm that no racial prejudices would be tolerated was created. Archie violated this norm when he said that he knew people of these kinds very well. As punishment, one by one group members left the table and turned their backs on him. In every group, there are members of high status and of low status. In this movie, there was almost an equal balance of high status jurors and low status jurors. The status of the jurors developed when they assumed a role within the group. The high status members included, the Foreman, Cobb, Marshall, Fonda, the Elderly Man, and Archie. The Foreman assumed a high status role because he organized where everyone would sit, passed out the ballots, and was able to rein the jurors back in to vote when needed. Cobb would be considered high status because he dominated a lot of the conversations. He communicated more than other group members, and other jurors listened to him in the beginning of the movie. Marshall is a stockbroker and was viewed as high status because of his education. Fonda was definitely a high status member. Over the course of the movie, he convinced the other eleven jurors to change the ir vote by pointing out new ideas and suggestions. The elderly man proved his high status when he pointed out the information about the witness wearing eyeglasses. That swayed the rest of the jurors. The low status members included, Whimpy, Klugman, the painter, Warden, Archie, the watchmaker, and Slick. Whimpy tried to voice his opinion, but was rarely listened too. Klugman was viewed as low status because of his life on the streets. The painter, Warden, the watchmaker, and Slick were all considered low status, because they barely contributed to the group’s decision. Archie is considered low status because of his racial insults. None of the jurors listened to him because they were all offended by his speech. In addition to status, power is also a big part of the movie. Every powerful individual was considered to be high status. Some people used their power for the good, others for the bad, and one person completely gave up his power. As the jurors begin their deliberation, the foreman was selected to be the leader of the group. He had legitimate power. He told the jurors that the vote has to be unanimous, that they have to sit in juror number order, and he tried to keep the group on task. After the foreman stopped using his power, Fonda and Cobb became more powerful. Fonda had an expert power. He suggested ideas and facts that the other jurors listened to. He influenced the group through their knowledge, thus an expert power. Cobb, however, had a coercive power. Cobb thought he could he could â€Å"punish† the other jurors into thinking his way. He would â€Å"punish† the other jurors by manipulating and belittling them.Also, Klugman had expert power for a couple minutes in the movie. His street knowledge about the knife and how it was used gains him this power. Although he had an expert power, he was not viewed in the same regard as Fonda. Most of the low status member did not have any power at all. Whimpy, the painter, Warden, Archie, the watchmaker, and Slick lacked the status to gain power. However, they did play an important role in power, because in a way, they gave the power to the people who had it. In a way, leadership and power go hand in hand. In this movie, the powerful individuals had at least a few leadership characteristics. The foreman had a chance at leadership, but he gave it up. Cobb had some negative leadership qualities that were eventually rejected. Fonda was the most important leader in this movie. He took over as a leader after foreman stepped down. He attended to maintenance needs, he proposed valid information, and was passionate toward swaying the group not to condemn the boy to death. As a leader, Fonda listened to the low status people when they had information to give. For example, Klugman had information about the knife that might have been overlooked if Fonda was not respectful of him. In the end, the group did arrive at a high quality decision. Although the case in the courtroom seems crystal clear that the boy was guilty, there were some misleading facts that were given. The jurors unanimously voted not guilty; however, they were not positive the boy was not guilty. There was not enough substantial evidence to prove if the boy did or did not stab his father. If the jury had voted guilty, the boy would have been condemned to death. This was a life or death decision, not just a guilty or not guilty. When the Fonda and some of the other jurors started to break down the evidence and the facts, they found the evidence to be misleading to the point were it might not be factual. Although the boy could have killed his father, there was reasonable doubt in the evidence to make the jurors believe the boy may be innocent. Even the possibility of condemning an innocent boy to death is horrifying. The group made the right high quality decision.

The international level when we work as a member in international team of dissimilar group of people and have a variety of nationalities then we face a lot of problems and difficulties The WritePass Journal

The international level when we work as a member in international team of dissimilar group of people and have a variety of nationalities then we face a lot of problems and difficulties Introduction The international level when we work as a member in international team of dissimilar group of people and have a variety of nationalities then we face a lot of problems and difficulties AbstractIntroduction Cultural ConflictionConfliction SolutionPositive Learn Things and Advantages  Ã‚   Negative Aspects and ChallengesPersonal ObservationsPresentation Experience Conclusion ReferencesRelated Abstract In the international level when we work as a member in international team of dissimilar group of people and have a variety of nationalities then we face a lot of problems and difficulties. Because the team has different nationalities and different people are from different countries and have different culture, customs, languages, and ideas. So the most important and major things is to understand the language because the every member of the team speak common language but the voices, styles and tunes or types are different not same. So the experience of work in international team is not easy. As s international team worker who work for a common purpose are on same project we see that the cultural confliction among the group and also analyze the positive thing and advantages. When we work for single project we see which kind of aspects are negative what kind of impacts and probability are created. This is tuff time in our life when we work in international organization. We learn a numbe r of things and seek information gain knowledge and buildup our experience as an international team worker. When the people work together, who share their common interest or purpose and whose principals are match, then the real compute of a team is how members react in difficult times. Secondly the cultural issues in international team are a critical issue for the members because the different countries have a different culture, dresses (uniforms) religious, family backgrounds. So when we work the outside of our homeland we face and see all these problems and difficulties. When we keep manage the things, manage ourselves, we take care others we respect others we make unity ignore the conflicts and prefer our work. Introduction The introduction and definition of international work experience is can be defined as a group of people working together who share a common importance or purpose and whose ideas are match, then the right compute of a team is how members retort in complex times when pressed outside the position quo. Belonging to a team, in the broadest sagacity, is a result of feeling part of something larger than you. It has a lot to do with our considerate of the task or the goal of our society. Yet still you may have a particular job role or belong to a specific sector, you need to be united with other members of the organization in order to make a significant involvement to its overall achievement. The superior image is one that must impel your dealings and the behavior of each member of the team. The bad influences for the organization are when the members of international team are not cooperative and confliction is always between them. When we work for any organization in internationally then our first preference is to be punctual, cooperative, hard worker, helpful, ourselves. We need to tolerate and open-minded always, it is a best experiences of life as a member of international team. We need to communicate the people understand the people their ideas their views their interests their values and pay commonly our self for everyone. Cultural Confliction Inconsistency or conflict is an expected part of human relationships.   Depending on how it is move toward and handle, conflict can be either positive or negative.   Conflict comes to pass when people are not satisfied and not agree more than impressive apparent as significant.   We work in international team or societies with people who may not notice equipment as we do.   Conflicts take place on an each day beginning, sometimes as small argument, sometimes as cruel fight.   We each react to conflicts pedestal on our individual meticulous celebrity and cultural background.   People have dissimilar inspirations, attitude, principles and objectives.   Two people can recognize and understand the equal condition very differently.  Ã‚  When support employees speak to most important tragedy, we locate ourselves working with people from other countries. They are from different nationalities different cultural background  Ã‚   different languages.   Some of them may spea k the same language, but when dissimilarity occurs, one may find out the other react to the same condition very differently and the other may create confusion for all. So  troubles and conflicts are natural in our daily work, and the best way is finding to defeat them and continue working efficiently. Confliction Solution To resolution a conflict, we must be aware of our individual responsibility and also aware of our team members and the major things is that how I see by the others.   The common and major universal appearance of conflict resolution is conciliation, negotiation, the public discussion, conflict revolution and stare arbitration. Each conflict is different and the each member of international team will react differently. Every member has a responsible for their specific duty and participates in all type of exercise. So the best solution is that we work together as a unit and we understand each other’s. There are many differences in cultural conflictions and language is one of them because we interpret the international language into our first language and then understand it. So when we work as a member of international team the sum of differences are as under†¦ Language Different cultural background customs Communication Understanding Relationships Awareness Positive Learn Things and Advantages  Ã‚   As a member of international team the positive learn things are we build our confidence we work together as a unit. Our minds are work openly and improve confidence that we have an ability to do something to understand something to communicate with others. We are able to show our behind abilities to educate the others that what can we do, we present ourselves in international team and share our personal ideas, views, interests and goals. The positive learn thing is to skilled in communication and make exercise to achieve the goals to help us for decision making so for example, This type of exercise is helping us for improving communication skills and solving the problems. According to this exercise we solved the issues by effective communication between each other. Task: generate an activity which places of interest the substance of excellent communication in team presentation and/or prospective problems with communication. Implementation of Problem Solving and Decision Making This exercise problem solving and decision making is monitoring and focusing specifically on team working together to solve difficult problems or make composite decision. This type of activities is mainly equal and come into view that what workers want their teams to be able to do. Task: A task is a problem which solution is not easy give to a team and demand of the group to come up with an inspired clarification. Implementation of Designing/Malleability   In this type of technique we focus on the features of designing and being malleability to change. The important thing of this task is for international team to be able to do when they allocate difficult responsibilities or resolution. The impact and probability of group culture cannot be overprojected. Conditional reasons might also be at work. Positive manners of all team members are affected for organization. In our presentations the positive thing is for all us that, it is a big chance to improve our self as a internationally because we have plate form or forum. The positive learn things are, Reduce Hesitation Build Confidence Awareness about other Culture Attitude and Behaviors with others Language Improvement Communication Skill Advantages There are some positive learn things and advantages when we work in international team or organizations for common interest, tasks are goals. A panel is a set of personal working jointly in the direction of similar objectives. Group member’s similar goals to achieve and distribute liability for the team output. A group may be able to achieve more than personals working by you. Groups can solve confliction or problems more rapidly than personals working by you. Preference is to work with team is more suitable then working individual. It is best practices for me specially to improve my abilities working in an international team. I gain more knowledge, learn new ideas, new things and increase my experience. I learn the new thought, and also aware about the different cultures. Negative Aspects and Challenges In international level when we work with multinational people for common interest and our goals, tasks same mean we work for one project so we face many challenges. In every project some are positive aspects and some are negative. But when specifically we work with the variety of multicultural background people we face the challenges and negative aspects these are†¦. Lack of Awareness Language Barriers Communication Breakdowns Unresolved Conflicts among members Misunderstanding Mishandling the Things Mismanagement Misguiding The above mention types are affective and more critical to handling the situation of confliction between the team members. Then we do work more hard and show sincerity and make effort to improve team performance by improving communication, reducing conflict, and produce superior unity and agreement among work team members. Some time the negative aspects are helpful for the team to improve better themselves to decrease their mistakes but some time these negative features are affective and dangerous for the organization. For the development of team or organization we find out the current feedback and weakness itself and other member of the team and to improve our performance and feedback. A prepared teambuilding plan is a good tool to implement team unity and therefore the team awareness. We use the method to solve the confliction and improve our weakness, feedback, team unity and decrease the negative characteristic. KPI and Iron triangle base are the best instrument or tools to improve our work experience. KPI (Key Performance Indicator) is to use for the measurement of project’s success or failure and iron triangle base is helpful for the time management and give a policy for improvement. Iron triangle base is use in different places for the different propose. It use for politics in US, in Korea for bounded area description into three angles and in use for Vietnam War. Personal Observations As a student in our five presentations we work in a group and the group members are from different nationalities we work together and get a lot of experience in our lives. These type of workshops are play very important role for everyone because we buildup our confidence and show our abilities. So when we work for project of any organization then this experience is very helpful for all us. As a member of international team I learn positive things, improve my abilities, and seek general things for work as a globalization. In spite of this, that English is not my first language but I am participating in every time of my group meeting and contribute in every type of activities, understand the language to communicate with other member of my group and deal with them. Try to avoid the confliction among them and work with them same as like work others. Every member of my group belongs from different countries and definitely they have different cultural background. Everybody have different v iews, ideology, thought, way of thinking, tone style and understand the things. So that’s vie the problem is create among us because we are not understood properly. The main thing is voice/tone people speak in their own language style. English is a second language for all of us but we communicate each other and understand each other. According to my observation when we work outside of our homeland with multicultural team then â€Å"give respect get respect† and culture or religious is respected for everyone because the base or root of confliction in international team is culture. So we do respect for all cultures in all over the world because this is a sensitive issue. Presentation Experience In this table I am trying to compile the experience of our five presentations and calculate the average rate of our whole work progress. It is a fruitful experience in my life and best exercise being a member of my international team (group). Conclusion Cultural ethics assist to stature the type of manners that are measured to be statistic and estimated. There are many learning advantages of international student experiences is that they  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     interpretation students to others whose ethics may be diverse from their own. Secondly, the  Ã‚     Ã‚  cultural manners and prospect can strain information dispersion and explanation. As a result, this dissimilarity is likely to be a significant cause authority communication, belief discernment and generally presentation between students from different countries and backgrounds. Additionally, the experience in interrelate with different cultures can change the consequence of the unique cultural authority. However, the exceptionally tutors should have some awareness of the variety of cultural dissimilarity that strength subsist between students who are concerned in effective teamwork. It’s a good practice and beautiful time to aware of the different cultures and keeps in  Ã‚   mind to work openly with any type of team or organization internationally. The conclusion of this work experience in international team is to improve our weakness understand the things communicate with others and find out the positive aspects for managing it selfly and as a whole. Avoid the conflicts of any like religious, cultural and do our duty with fully passion sincerity faithfully. Keep work hard and make an ability to face challenges. If these are all things we adopt then I think that nothing is impossible. We work as a unit help each other and resolve the problems and find out the negative facts and try to improve batter. References Rodley C. Pineda,Bonita Barger. (2000). The role of coaching in student teams: A ‘just-in-time’ approach to. Journal of Management Education. 23 (3), 233,250. Frobel, P. Marchington. (2005). Teamworking structures and worker perceptions: A crossnational. The International Journal of Human Resource. 16 (2), 256. McCorkle, D. E., Reardon, J., Alexander, J. F., Kling. (2001). group projects and teamwork: The good, the. Journal of Marketing Education. 21 (2), 106,117.